Was the Heretic Pharaoh Akhenaton in Fact the Father of Modern Monotheism?
How plentiful it is, what you have made,
Although they are hidden from view,
Sole god, without another beside you;
You created the earth as you wished,
All beings on land, who fare upon their feet,
And all beings in the air who fly with their wings.
This passage may read like a passage from the Old Testament of the Bible; but, this is a quote from the Hymn of Aten, a work by Pharaoh Amenhotep IV better known as Akhenaton. This so-called heretic king was the only known Pharaoh in Egyptian history who believed in a monotheistic doctrine when most of the ancient world adhered to polytheism.
Just how did this Pharaoh start to form the practice of worshiping a single god?
Religion in Egypt Before the Sun God Aten
Religion seemed to dominate every aspect of ancient Egyptian culture. Before pharaonic times, there were a variety of deities worshiped in various districts throughout Egypt. It wasn’t until the First Dynastic Period under King Narmer that the country was unified. Religion too was unified, but there wasn’t an official canonization of gods that minimized or eliminated the importance of lesser gods. Instead, deities were cosmopolitan – all of the gods of Egypt were recognized as an important part of the pantheon. This created some confusion and some overlap in beliefs but still no hegemony of deities seemed to exist in ancient Egypt.
Representations of six gods from the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon (Public Domain)
This codification of religion brought a substantial change in kingship. The birth of the concept of a Pharaoh emerged in which the king was no longer just a civil ruler but a part of the divinity – the godhead to be precise. The new god-king ruled in conjunction with Ra, or Amen-Ra, and he was often depicted as a powerful man with a falcon head nested upon his head with cobra surrounding the sun.
Imentet and Ra from the tomb of Nefertari, 13th century BC (Public Domain)
With this uncontested rule of the god-king came another important change. The role of the priests became much stronger and more dominant. Unlike today’s priests, they weren’t charged with guiding the masses. Instead, they were the keepers of tradition and played an integral part in appeasing the gods and goddesses through rituals and sacrifice. During the 18 th dynasty, there was a temple created in Amen-Ra’s honor and Thebes became the city representing a unified Egypt, after a brief takeover by the Hyksos. The Pharaohs of this era paid homage to this god by incorporating the name Amen in their names, hence Amenhotep.
The Sun-Disk Pharaoh Emerges
By the time Amenhotep IV took the throne, pharaonic Egypt was in full swing. Rituals and traditions of the priests had been set in stone for many generations. Pharaohs simply assumed authority and let the priests do all the work while they enjoyed the finer things. This didn’t sit well with Amenhotep IV, however. Unlike his predecessors or even his successors, he was unhappy with tradition and was especially disgusted with the power of the priesthood. Whether Amenhotep IV unhappiness was due to him being fed up with Egyptian decadence or him being tired of the priests control over the Pharaohs is uncertain. But one thing for sure is that after five years of his reign he set out to turn Egyptian religious practices upside down and because of his divine authority, no one could stop him.
Statue of Akhenaten - Father of Tutankhamun (CC BY-SA 2.0)
One of the first things he did was abandon the name Amen-, a name associated with a god he now despised – and changed his name to Akhenaten. Aten was the name of the sun disk god he now embraced as the only god. He then moved the capital from Thebes to Amarna. Most likely this move represented a break from the old and freedom from the authority of the priesthood. He then employed agents who outlawed the worship of other deities and forced the people to recognize only one god. To ensure that the people would follow his orders, he closed the Temple of Amun and defaced all of the deities in the temple.
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- The Mystery of Egyptian Tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings
Statue of Amun (Public Domain)
Life After Aten
Akhenaten’s religious fervor was undoubtedly strong during his lifetime and his cronies supported his desire to spread the power and influence of the Aten religion. Unfortunately, upon his death, the religion of Aten faded as swiftly as it had come. Akhenaten’s reign became a historical mockery. Even depictions of him seemed to mock his figure – oval eyes, high cheekbones, pot belly, frail build. Artisans and historians alike worked to minimize Akhenaten’s significance, not by writing him out of history or art; but making him look like a madman with unusual laws and an unusual appearance. The power of Egypt was restored to Thebes, the priesthood was reestablished, and even Akhenaten’s son defied his father’s teachings and reembraced the religion of Amun.
The exaggerated features of Akhenaton (CC BY-NC-NA 2.0)
Could Akhenaton be Moses?
Akhenaten certainly seemed like a religious zealot devoted to a single god. Perhaps his passions were divinely inspired or maybe they centered on a more worldly aim of absolute power and control free of the priesthood’s influence. One man seems to imply that Akhenaten’s motives stemmed from the fact that he was Moses himself – the man depicted in the old testament of the Bible. Ahmed Osman - author of Moses and Akhenaton: The Secret History of Egypt at the Time of the Exodus - is convinced that archaeological and Biblical evidence prove that Akhenaten and Moses were the same man.
Moses with the Tables of the Law, Guido Rene (Public Domain)
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Ahmed Osman - author of Moses and Akhenaton: The Secret History of Egypt at the Time of the Exodus
Interview with Expert Ahmed Osman on the Moses–Akhenaton Debate
Mel Childs: Why do you think that Akhenaton was Moses?
Ahmed Osman: The reason for me to conclude that King Akhenaten of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty
was the same person as Biblical Moses, as well as both of them have introduced the
first monotheistic belief, they lived in Egypt at the very same time.
MC: It is implied that Moses of the Bible had a conflict with Pharaoh Ramses; however, history doesn’t account for Akhenaton having any issues with any other Pharaohs. How do you explain this?
AO: The Pharaoh at the time of Moses is not mentioned by name in the Bible.
However, the name Ramses is mentioned as the city the Israelites had to build
for Pharaoh.
I believe that Akhenaten was forced to abdicate his throne for his son, Tutankhamun,
and live in Sinai in exile. When all the kings of the 18th Dynasty died, General Ramses,
who established the 19th Dynasty, was challenged by Akhenaten, who came back from exile,
demanding his throne.
When he lost his throne, Akhenaten also lost his name and became known as Moses.
This indicates in Egyptian the son or heir.
MC: Do you think that Akhenaton’s monotheism influenced later forms of monotheism that emerged?
AO: Akhenaten's monotheism, not only influenced other religious beliefs, but also philosophy.
As ancient Egyptians believed that humans have physical and spiritual dimensions,
Akhenaten was the first person to recognize the cosmos also has a spiritual dimension.
Is Akhenaten the father of monotheism as it is known today? Share your opinions below.
Top image: A house altar showing Akhenaten, Nefertiti and three of their daughters. 18th dynasty, reign of Akhenaten (Public Domain)
Resources
Nardo, D. Life in Ancient Egypt. San Diego: Referencepoint Press, 2014.
Aldred, C. Akhenaten: King of Egypt. NY: Thames & Hudson. 1988
Dersin, D. What Life was Like on the Banks of the Nile: Egypt 3050 - 30 BC. Fairfax: Time-Life Books. 1997.
Religious Literature. Hymn to Aten.
Comments
Ah! Saturn as the primodial god. The primodial sun. Often mistranslated in ancint inscriptions as the sun. I love this line of thought. Check out david talbot, symbols of an alien sky. He xompares ancient inscriptions across the world to prove that our sky was once very diffenent. I alao believe the myths and legends must stem from the same source
Aaa Saturn-Cronos
Jesus Bar Abbas: Jesus (James)
Bar Abbas: Son of the Father; a title of distinction in a religion loath to incorporate any male in such close association with God. A God they worshipped as a calf, a bull, a pig and others in many incarnations from their beginnings in India as followers of Krishna, or no thought of a Christ would ever have been borne across Kabbalistic notions.
Learn. Be gentle among and within yourselves, but learn.
By the way, you do realize Isaac is the son of the Egyptian Pharoah who has relations with Sarah/Sarai after being offered up by her brother/husband Abram?
And that neither Abram nor Sarai ever actually existed anymore than Brahma and his sister/wife Saraswati, at least anything more than zodiacal/planetary anomalies to explain the Precession of the Equinoxes? Or that Jesus represents anything more than the same line of thinking in a man born in one more aeon to represent the age that spans 2150 years as the zodiac is broken down into its components, with 12 apostles delineating the twelve houses of the zodiac? That at least 23 fatherless males born to virgins in caves, who were crucified, died and were buried three days, preceded him?
Satyrn was the Sun/Son of God; the literal Sun that dies for three days every December 22, 23 and 24th every single year without fail, and Jesus represented the Piscean Age that ends approx. 2150 AD.
It's why he said he'd be around not to the end of the mistranslated world in the KJV, but to the end of the Age.
Trained and educated along with decades of research, but common sense has helped immesely along the way. I highly recommend all the above.
In the original Gospel of Matthew before the church revised it, the title Bar Abbas was preceded by the name Jesus in reference to James, as the title 'Son of the Father' refers to James. In other words, James (Jesus Bar Abbas) has already been arrested before Jesus is arrested himself. The Jews were given a choice between the two, and chose James as the already established leader of the Qumran (Damascus) community in Gaza. A choice between a rock and a hard place.
Just as Is Ra El is the name for Saturn from the Phoenicians, and Abram is no less than Brahma from ancient Krishna to the Christ myth two thousand years ago, there is nothing new under the Sun/Son, but the change in names from religion to religion, and zodiacal allocations which is all the Bible is (The Helios Book), to explain the worship of Saturn as our Sun (in a binary system not peculiar in most universes), reminding that it once graced the heavens a lot closer for this EA (earth) before our planet was shot through to its present location, and Saturn became a planet on the fringe.
As humbly as you offered the advice, I offer you the same wisdom.
Live and learn, and you may yet pass from 'partially educated' with a book to defend to someone who knows something about it, and mught yet be a joy to behold.
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