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From left to right - Galba, Otho, Vespasian, and Vitellius 	Source: Wolfgang Sauber/CC BY-SA 3.0, Fred Romero from Paris, France, CC BY 2.0), Sailko/CC BY 3.0, Louvre Museum/CC BY 2.5

The Year of the Four Emperors, Ancient Rome's Epic Saga

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The Roman emperor Nero was the last of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. During his rule, he was disdained by his people because of his vanity and inadequacies as leader.  He had one wife executed and he murdered another with a fatal kick.  All this resulted in a great conspiracy against him, and he was compelled to commit suicide on June 9, AD 68.  What followed was the Year of the Four Emperors, a time of chaos as four different men of high social standing declared themselves emperor, each with his own army of loyal supporters.  They clashed until only one remained, a man who would become the head of a new dynasty.

A bust of Nero. (Public Domain)

A bust of Nero. (Public Domain)

The Aftermath of Nero: Chaos and the Rise of a New Dynasty

As soon as the senate declared Nero a public enemy in April of 68, Galba, the governor of Spain, declared himself emperor.  Rather than bringing about peace, this act sent the message that it was possible for an emperor to be declared outside of the capital city of Rome.  This message would inspire Galba’s opposition.

Galba was the first emperor who was not descended from the Julio-Claudian line.  Yet his family was affluent, which was adequate basis for him to rule.  Roman historians note Galba’s strictness and miserliness.  Galba is known to be the first emperor to ascend to power with the backing of the legions, setting a precedent that would be followed by others. Once in power, he angered many of his troops by withholding pay, a decision which would come back to haunt him.

A coin from the brief reign of Galba. (The British Museum/CC BY 3.0)

A coin from the brief reign of Galba. (The British Museum/CC BY 3.0)

One of Galba’s supporters was the statesman Vitellius, also from a prominent family, whom Galba elected as governor of Lower Germany.  At his post in Germany, Vitellius held power over soldiers who felt Galba had not properly rewarded them for their loyalty.  It was not difficult for Vitellius to sway the soldiers’ allegiance to himself.

Meanwhile, in Rome, Galba was already in his seventies, and there was discussion about whom he would choose to succeed him.  The governor Otho, a gracious member of Galba’s supporters, had high hopes of being named Galba’s heir.

Otho's Rivalry, Galba's Heir, and the Rise of Vitellius

Otho had been well connected during Nero’s reign.  In fact, he and Nero had once struck a very indecent deal together.  Nero hated his first wife Octavia and loved a woman named Poppaea Sabina.  Until Nero could be rid of his wife Octavia, Otho would be married to Poppaea Sabina and Nero could be with her whenever he wanted.  But Otho enraged the emperor by falling in love with Poppaea himself.  Nero, living up to his outrageous reputation, exiled Otho, had Octavia executed, and married Poppaea.

Image extracted from Pictures from Roman Life and Story, by CHURCH, Alfred John. (Public Domain)

Image extracted from Pictures from Roman Life and Story, by CHURCH, Alfred John. (Public Domain)

As emperor in the year 69, Galba passed over Otho and selected as his heir Lucius Calpurnius Piso.  Ignoring this, Otho’s supporters declared him emperor anyway.  Unrest grew in Rome and before long, Galba was killed by the Praetorian Guard, whose job was to protect him.  He had ruled for only seven months. 

Complicating things further, by January of 69, Vitellius, the governor of Lower Germany, had organized a coup and declared himself emperor, capitalizing on the precedent set by Galba that the emperor could be declared outside of Rome.  Enjoying his acquired power, Vitellius even stole for himself the sword of Julius Caesar.

Portrait engraving of Vitellius. (Public Domain)

Portrait engraving of Vitellius. (Public Domain)

When Otho heard that Vitellius was approaching the capital city, he gathered enforcements from among the gladiators and elsewhere, but Vitellius defeated his army at Bedriacum in northern Italy.  Following his army’s defeat, Otho wrote farewell letters to his loved ones and committed suicide in April of 69.

Vespasian's Ascent and the End of the Year of the Four Emperors

Ancient historians tell us that Vitellius was gluttonous and indulgent and demonstrated his liking for cruelty taking particular pleasure in carrying out executions, during his brief stint as emperor, and he did not hold the title for long.  By July, armies in Egypt, Judaea, and Syria had declared themselves for Vespasian.  This man had originally been sent to that region by Nero to suppress the Jewish Revolt, but he now revealed himself as a viable candidate for the emperorship.

Then, while all this was going on, a strange thing happened:  a man appeared claiming to be the emperor Nero.  He resembled the dead emperor and gained considerable attention, contributing to the chaos of this time.  Nevertheless, the real contenders over the throne, Vitellius and Vespasian, prepared to battle.

Bust of Emperor Vespasian, c. 80 AD. Vespasian put an end to the Year of the Four Emperors, restoring peace and stability to Rome. (Sailko/CC BY 3.0)

Bust of Emperor Vespasian, c. 80 AD. Vespasian put an end to the Year of the Four Emperors, restoring peace and stability to Rome. (Sailko/CC BY 3.0)

Vespasian gathered his troops and approached Rome, defeating some of Vitellius’ forces in northern Italy.  At this point, Vitellius, fearing for his life, sent deputies and even Vestal Virgins to the enemy with entreaties for peace, but with no success.  Vespasian reached Rome and his armies captured Vitellius.  According to ancient historians, soldiers abused and humiliated Vitellius before finally killing him in December of 69.

Vitellius dragged through the streets of Rome by the people. (Public Domain)

Vitellius dragged through the streets of Rome by the people. (Public Domain)

Once the violence died down, the senate conferred the power of  princeps to Vespasian, cementing his position as emperor.  Vespasian was the first emperor of the Flavian dynasty and he headed what is generally considered an age of stability at Rome.

Top image: From left to right - Galba, Otho, Vespasian, and Vitellius        Source: Wolfgang Sauber/CC BY-SA 3.0, Fred Romero from Paris, France, CC BY 2.0), Sailko/CC BY 3.0, Louvre Museum/CC BY 2.5

By Miriam Kamil

References

Suetonius. Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Books 7-10

Tacitus. Histories Books 1-3

Potter, D. S. 2009.  Ancient Rome: A New History. New York: Thames & Hudson.

 

 

Comments

Are you certain that Vitellius was killed by his soldiers. I’ve always understood that he was killed in his palace by the soldiers of Vespasian

Frequently Asked Questions

During the Year of the Four Emperors, the following individuals ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and finally Vespasian, who established the Flavian dynasty and brought stability after a period of civil war.

Vespasian emerged victorious in the Year of the Four Emperors.

The civil war during that period, in 68-69 AD, was primarily triggered by the power vacuum and political instability following the suicide of Emperor Nero, which led to a rapid succession of emperors and ultimately to widespread conflict as multiple factions vied for control of the Roman Empire.

Miriam Kamil's picture

Miriam Kamil

Miriam Kamil graduated from the University of Michigan with a degree in Classical Languages and Literature and highest honors.  She is currently getting her M.St. in Greek and Latin at Oxford.

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