Ground-breaking Science Reveals People Buried at Stonehenge Came from Way Out West
Despite over a century of intense study, we still know very little about the people buried at Stonehenge or how they came to be there. Now, a new University of Oxford research collaboration, published in Scientific Reports suggests that a number of the people that were buried at the Wiltshire site had moved with and likely transported the bluestones used in the early stages of the monument's construction, sourced from the Preseli Mountains of west Wales.
Who built Stonehenge?
While there has been much speculation as to how and why Stonehenge was built, the question of 'who' built it has received far less attention. Part of the reason for this neglect is that many of the human remains were cremated, and so it was difficult to extract much useful information from them.
However, brand new findings have emerged due to a combination of radiocarbon-dating and new developments in archaeological analysis pioneered by lead author Christophe Snoeck during his doctoral research in the School of Archaeology at Oxford. In partnership with colleagues at the UCL, Université Libre de Bruxelles & Vrije Universiteit Brussel), and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, France, the break-through study has been published in Nature.
Snoeck demonstrated that that cremated bone faithfully retains its strontium isotope composition, opening the way to use this technique to investigate where these people had lived during the last decade or so of their lives.
With permission from Historic England and English Heritage, the team analyzed skull bones from 25 individuals to better understand the lives of those buried at the iconic monument. These remains were originally excavated from a network of 56 pits in the 1920s, placed around the inner circumference and ditch of Stonehenge, known as 'Aubrey Holes'.
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Left, A white disc marks the location of Aubrey hole near the southern entrance to Stonehenge. (Public Domain) Right, Plan of Stonehenge 1 with the Aubrey holes shown as white circles. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Travelers from the West
Analysis of small fragments of cremated human bone from an early phase of the site's history around 3000 BC, when it was mainly used as a cemetery, showed that at least 10 of the 25 people did not live near Stonehenge prior to their death. Instead, they found the highest strontium isotope ratios in the remains were consistent with living in western Britain, a region that includes west Wales - the known source of Stonehenge's bluestones. Although strontium isotope ratios alone cannot distinguish between places with similar values, this connection suggests west Wales as the most likely origin of at least some of these people.
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Before Stonehenge was built the area was already a burial ground. (Image: Christie Willis, UCL)
While the Welsh connection was known for the stones, the study shows that people were also moving between west Wales and Wiltshire in the Late Neolithic, and that some of their remains were buried at Stonehenge. The results emphasize the importance of inter-regional connections involving the movement of both materials and people in the construction and use of Stonehenge, providing rare insight into the large scale of contacts and exchanges in the Neolithic, as early as 5000 years ago.
Groundbreaking Science
Lead author Christophe Snoeck said: 'The recent discovery that some biological information survives the high temperatures reached during cremation (up to 1000 degrees Celsius) offered us the exciting possibility to finally study the origin of those buried at Stonehenge.'
John Pouncett, a lead author on the paper and Spatial Technology Officer at Oxford's School of Archaeology, said: 'The powerful combination of stable isotopes and spatial technology gives us a new insight into the communities who built Stonehenge. The cremated remains from the enigmatic Aubrey Holes and updated mapping of the biosphere suggest that people from the Preseli Mountains not only supplied the bluestones used to build the stone circle, but moved with the stones and were buried there too.'
Rick Schulting, a lead author on the research and Associate Professor in Scientific and Prehistoric Archaeology at Oxford, explained: 'To me the really remarkable thing about our study is the ability of new developments in archaeological science to extract so much new information ¬from such small and unpromising fragments of burnt bone.
Cremated occipital bone fragments from Stonehenge. (Image: Christie Willis, UCL)
'Some of the people's remains showed strontium isotope signals consistent with west Wales, the source of the bluestones that are now being seen as marking the earliest monumental phase of the site.'
Commenting on how they came to develop the innovative technique, Prof Julia Lee-Thorp, Head of Oxford's School of Archaeology and an author on the paper, said: 'This new development has come about as the serendipitous result of Dr Snoeck's interest in the effects of intense heat on bones, and our realization that that heating effectively "sealed in" some isotopic signatures.'
The technique could be used to improve our understanding of the past using previously excavated ancient collections, Dr Schulting said:
'Our results highlight the importance of revisiting old collections. The cremated remains from Stonehenge were first excavated by Colonel William Hawley in the 1920s, and while they were not put into a museum, Col Hawley did have the foresight to rebury them in a known location on the site, so that it was possible for Mike Parker Pearson (UCL Institute of Archaeology) and his team to re-excavate them, allowing various analytical methods to be applied.'
Top image: Stonehenge. Source: Public Domain
The article, originally titled ‘New light shed on the people who built Stonehenge,’ was first published on Science Daily.
Source: University of Oxford. "New light shed on the people who built Stonehenge." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2 August 2018. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180802102414.htm
References
Christophe Snoeck, John Pouncett, Philippe Claeys, Steven Goderis, Nadine Mattielli, Mike Parker Pearson, Christie Willis, Antoine Zazzo, Julia A. Lee-Thorp, Rick J. Schulting. Strontium isotope analysis on cremated human remains from Stonehenge support links with west Wales. Scientific Reports, 2018; 8 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28969-8