The Parthian Empire: Rome’s Greatest Enemy (Video)
The Parthian Empire, successor to the Persian legacy, emerged in 238 BC, springing from the Parni tribe's conquest of Parthia in modern-day northeastern Iran. Although initially subdued by the Seleucid Empire, the Parthians rose to power, becoming a vassal state in 209 BC. With the Seleucids preoccupied elsewhere, Parthia flourished under the leadership of Phraates I, expanding westward and establishing itself as a major player on the Silk Road.
Under Mithridates I, the Parthian Empire reached its zenith, stretching from Mesopotamia to the Indus River. Their military prowess shone in battles against the Romans, notably at the disastrous Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, where Roman heavy infantry fell to Parthian cavalry archers.
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The ensuing years witnessed territorial struggles and Roman interference in Parthian affairs, leading to prolonged tensions. Despite periodic peace, conflict reignited in 58 AD over Armenia, showcasing the Parthians' resilience. While the Romans claimed victory on paper, the Parthians retained control, highlighting their military prowess.
The Parthian Empire's decline resulted from internal strife, conflicts with Rome, and pressure from the Persian king Ardashir I. In 224 AD, the Parthians succumbed at the Battle of Hormozdgan, paving the way for the rise of the Sassanid Empire.
Top image: Bas relief at Nagsh-e-rostam showing the investiture of Ardashir I, Province du Fars, Iran. Source: Fabienkhan/CC BY-SA 2.5
