Kiya - The Most Mysterious Woman of Amarna
The only thing we really know for certain about Kiya is her name, written in the forms kiya, kiw, kia, kaia, and that she was a wife of Akhenaten titled The Great Beloved Wife. Much information about Kiya was lost over time and nowadays information about her is mixed with the biographies of Nefertiti and other women of Amarna, leading to an air of mystery about who Kiya really was.
Where did she come from?
The secret of Kiya starts with the topic of her origins. Between many speculations are two main theories. It is known that one of Akhenaten's wives came from the North Syrian state of Mitanni. Her name was Tadukhepa and she was a princess who had been sent to Egypt as a diplomatic bride. According to Aidan Dodson this mysterious princess was Kiya. In his book Amarna Sunset he wrote ''Kiya is known from a range of monuments and objects, but in most cases they have been usurped by other persons during Akhenaten’s reign: her coffin was adapted for a pharaoh’s burial, while most of her relief representations were recut and relabeled for Princess Meryetaten (or on occasion Ankhesenpaaten), implying disgrace''
The exact date of Kiya’s death is unknown, but the last trace of her was around the 12 th or 13 th year of Akhenaten's reign. Therefore, researchers have tried to reconstruct the events surrounding Kiya and her disappearance around known facts. Here appears the second theory about Kiya's origins, which is connected to the results of a recent DNA analysis.
Kiya was known to be a wife of Akhenaten, pictured in this relief carving (public domain).
The mummy revealed the truth
The most fascinating part of the research about Kiya is connected with the mummy of the Younger Lady discovered in tomb KV35. It was the second ''cachette'', after DB320, found with royal mummies inside. The tomb, which was reopened in 1907, was the final resting place for two women known as the Younger Lady and the Elder Lady, who were found lying next to each other.
Dr Joann Fletcher, the famous Egyptologist from York University, announced in 2004 that the Younger Lady was the beautiful Queen Nefertiti. French researcher, Marc Gabolde, in his recently published theory, follows Fletcher's opinion.
DNA tests, which were carried out on 11 mummies by the team of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, the National Geographic Society and Siemens, revealed the following: Tutankhamun’s father is very likely the man found in tomb KV55 – Akhenaten; the Elder Lady is Queen Tiye, mother of Akhenaten and wife of Amenhotep III; the mother of Tutankhamun is the Younger Lady, the daughter of Tiye and Amenhotep III; and Tutankhamun’s parents were brother and sister.
Mummy of the Younger Lady (public domain)
Regarding the inscriptions found in the tomb of Pharaoh Ay, Nefertiti was his daughter and the sister of Mutnedjmet – wife of Pharaoh Haremhab. This means that Nefertiti was in fact a niece of Queen Tiye. According to inscription from the Theban tomb of Ay, the results of research by Joann Fletcher are incorrect. It is unknown which of the several sisters of Akhenaten the Younger Lady is, but the role and special title of Kiya could be a hint. Currently the majority of Egyptologists, including Zahi Hawass, believe that Younger Lady was The Great Beloved wife of Akhenaten – Kiya.
What is even more interesting is that latest scans of the mummy showed another part of forgotten history – this woman was murdered. The radiologist, Dr. Ashraf Selim, argues that if the mummy’s face had been smashed after embalming, one would expect to see bits of dried bone and flesh within the wound. The CT-scan performed by the Egyptian Mummy Project revealed very few pieces of the relevant broken bones within the sinus cavity, suggesting that the damage to the mummy’s face occurred before embalming, most likely even before death.
The puzzle of the artifacts
The researcher who started to analyze artifacts connected with Kiya experienced a painful lack of information about her. Apart from the mysterious mummy, the most important artifacts connected to Kiya are four canopic jars found in tomb KV55. Currently one of her jars is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the other three are in Cairo. They are impressive examples of New Kingdom art, with the face of the lid carved as a portrait. The lid of the jar represents one of the royal women of Amarna, variously identified as Nefertiti, Tiye, Merytamen or Kiya. Analysis of the erased inscriptions on the jars showed that the face of the woman with a long slender nose, sensuous lips and sloe eyes probably belonged to Kiya. There are also several reliefs with her name or appearance, fragments of statues, amulets, vases, fragmentary kohl-tubes, a wine-jar docket and other types of artifacts. There is a sarcophagus, currently located in the Cairo Museum collection, which possibly belonged to Kiya. If it is true, it is very significant fact that it was later adapted as a sarcophagus of Akhenaten.
Canopic jar with the head of a carved woman, variously identified as Nefertiti, Tiye, Merytamen or Kiya (public domain)
What happened to Kiya?
As mentioned, the majority of sources we have are just pieces of broken monuments, reliefs, and inscriptions. Therefore, it is a very big challenge to find the truth about Kiya. First of all, it is known that pictures of Kiya have been re-cut into portraits of other members of the royal family, mostly Merytamen. As Dodson believes, the idea of a disgraced Kiya seems to be a reasonable explanation for her sudden disappearance. Otherwise, it is hard to understand what happened to Kiya. All evidence found at archaeological sites and the obscure title suggest that Kiya was an important person at the royal court of Amarna. Her name Hm.t mry.t aA.t, which means ''The Great Beloved Wife'', is a unique title in the history of Egypt. It shows her special place in the heart of Pharaoh, and a very special role of this woman in Amarna Palace. No other woman around Akhenaten would have a similar name.
We cannot find evidence that Kiya held a social, political or religious role in the life of the Amarna court. It is possible that these aspects were in the hands of ''The Great Royal Wife'' – Nefertiti.
Relief of Queen Kiya. Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art
The second opening of Tutankhamun's tomb
Two of the biggest collections of objects connected with Kiya are in Cairo and New York. It is possible that further analyses of the artifacts from tomb KV63 will bring more information about the women of Amarna.
Based on the research of archaeologist Nicholas Reeves, tomb KV62 – the tomb of Tutankhamun – is currently being investigated for the possibility of a hidden chamber. It is theorized that it may hold the burial chamber and remains of Queen Nefertiti. If he is right, many questions about the women of Amarna, along with the mystery of Kiya, may well be revealed
Featured image: A relief of Kiya, remade from Amarna limestone. Glyptotek Museum, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
References:
Aidan Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation, 2009
Joyce Tyldesley, Nefertiti, 1998
Nicholas Reeves. Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet, 2005
Joann Fletcher, The search for Nefertiti, 2004
Wolfran Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, 2005
Press Release: CT-scans of Egyptian Mummies from the Valley of the Kings. 2007. The Guardian
KV-63 ~ Newly Discovered Tomb. Available from: http://www.kv-63.com/
Comments
I believe the reasoning re Kiya is absolutely spot on . The logic used to draw these excellent conclusions is in my humble opinion very sound. It makes absolute sense that kiya (most belloved wife) and not born of egypt would have been a constant threat to the more prominent queen Nefertiti. She was most certainly murdered and her death caused great pain and set about the unravelling of Akhenaten,s reign. Annie12 has used exceptional ability to think as the Royal Egyptians must have thought.
Truly well done Annie12 thankyou for a great read.
Beketaten was most likely Akhenaten's daughter by Kiya, not his sister. She was thought to be his much younger sister for a long time because she is always portrayed with Tiye and is called "king's daughter", which led scholars to believe she was the last child of Amenhotep III and Tiye, but she was never mentioned during Amenhotep's life (his only known daughters are Sitamun, Iset, Henuttaneb and Nebetah), on reliefs she is shown to be the same size (therefore same age) as Akhenaten's younger daughters, and it is known that Kiya had a daughter. It seems logical that Akhenaten wanted to include this daughter on family pictures but without her mother being present, because Nefertiti wouldn't have been happy with that, so it was the obvious choice to show her next to Tiye.
If the mummy identified as Akhenaten's would indeed be his, then he couldn't possibly be the father of the mummy which is likely to be Ankhesenamen's. Since it's a historical fact that she was his daughter, the male mummy cannot be Akhenaten's. I think Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten's brother (Smenkhkare, probably?) and a sister (any of the four princesses previously mentioned). This would also explain why would Akhenaten appoint Smenkhkare as a co-regent instead of wanting his son to succeed him - he didn't have a son, but his younger brother had one.
There is no record of Kiya being a sister of Ahkenaten. His sisters were are all named which was Nebetah, Beketaten, Iset, Sitamun. One of these ladies was his son's mother. I think there is a far better chance of Beketaten being his mother since she is often referenced to being in her mother's company as they were close. Since the younger lady was found with her it's a possibility that it could be beketaten.