Islamic Umayyad Dynastic Influence In Iraq
When Europe was experiencing the so-called dark Middle Ages, during the seventh and eighth centuries AD, in the East, Islam was on the rise, and the Umayyad Dynasty was on the forefront of conquering territories from India to Spain. Officially carrying the title khalīfat allāh, “the deputy of God” the caliphs spread Islamic teachings from the East to the West, but they were also breaking new frontiers in art, architecture, philosophy, and knowledge. Where Arabic tribes were previously mostly nomadic, during these times clans began settling, often converting military fortresses into permanent settlements, and constructing magnificent palaces and mosques in the lands they conquered. For the first time, caliphs took the initiative in artistic patronage, and their new palaces and residences became the centers of artistic production, the ruins of which can be found dotting the desert landscape of Iraq.
Prelude to the Umayyad Period
By the seventh century AD, Mecca and its Ka’aba was under the domination of the Quraysh tribe consisting of a grouping of Arab clans. Into one of the Quaraysh tribe’s clans, the Hashim clan, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad was born in 570 AD. When the Prophet Muhammad began teaching Islam in Mecca, his hometown, the tribal leaders of the Quraysh were at first unconcerned until their polytheistic beliefs came under scrutiny, which led to animosity. The Prophet Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina and from there they attacked Quraysh trading caravans, threatening the tribe’s traditional commercial interest, which escalated into armed conflict between the clans.
Early 14th century depiction of Prophet Muhammad encouraging his family before the Battle of Badr, a showdown with the Quraysh tribe .Tabriz Khalili Collection (Public Domain)
However, as the Prophet Muhammad’s position in Medina strengthened, the Arabs’ attitude towards him changed, and the Peace Treaty of Hudaybiyya was agreed upon which resulted in ten years of peace. Then in 629, against the wishes of the Quraysh tribal leaders, a certain party turned upon the Khuza’a, allies of the Prophet Muhammad, and the peace treaty was in jeopardy.
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Dr Micki Pistorius has an Honours Degree in Biblical Archaeology
Top Image: Arte Alhambra (Rumomo / CC BY-SA 4.0)
