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Tablet 343: Letter from Octavius to Candidus concerning supplies of wheat, hides and sinews.

Easy as Alep, Bet, Gimel? Cambridge Research Explores Social Context of Ancient Writing

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A new University of Cambridge research project is set to shed light on the history of writing in the ancient world, and explore the long-lasting relationship between society and writing that persists today.

“The links from the ancient past to our alphabet today are no coincidence...It matters who was doing the writing and what they were using writing for.” - Philippa Steele

A new research project at the University of Cambridge is set to shed light on the history of writing, revealing connections to our modern alphabet that cross cultures and go back thousands of years.

The project, called Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems (CREWS for short), is to focus on exploring how writing developed during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE in the ancient Mediterranean and Near East, and will investigate how different writing systems and the cultures that used them were related to each other.

The project is led by Dr Philippa Steele of the University’s Faculty of Classics. Described as an “innovative and interdisciplinary approach to the history of writing” the CREWS project aims to enrich our understanding of linguistic, cultural and social aspects of the use, borrowing and development of writing in the ancient world – which can uncover some often surprising links to our modern-day written culture.

For instance, today the notion of “alphabetical order” is used to arrange everything from dictionaries to telephone books, but why is the alphabet organized the way it is?

Alphabetical order as we would recognize it first appeared over three thousand years ago in Ugaritic, written in a cuneiform script made of wedge-shaped signs impressed on clay tablets. The Ugaritic alphabet was in use in the ancient city of Ugarit, uncovered at Ras Shamra in modern Syria. Some of the surviving tablets discovered by archaeologists are known as “abecedaria”, where the letters of the alphabet are written in order, possibly for teaching or as a training exercise for new scribes.

The Ugaritic Alphabet.

The Ugaritic Alphabet. (Public Domain)

The destruction of Ugarit in around 1200 BCE was not the end for alphabetical order. The Phoenicians, living in what is now modern Syria and Lebanon, used the same order for their own alphabet. While their language was related to Ugaritic, their writing system was not. Instead of cuneiform wedge-shapes, the Phoenicians used linear letters, which were much more similar to those we use in English today. The Phoenician alphabet began with the letters Alep, Bet, Gimel, Dalet, which are strikingly similar to our own A, B, C and D.

Dr Steele said: “The links from the ancient past to our alphabet today are no coincidence. The Greeks borrowed the Phoenician writing system and they still kept the same order of signs: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta. They transported the alphabet to Italy, where it was passed on to the Etruscans, and also to the Romans, who still kept the same order: A, B, C, D, which is why our modern alphabet is the way it is today.”

The Phoenician alphabet.

The Phoenician alphabet. (Public Domain)

That such an apparently simple idea remained so stable and powerful over thousands of years of cultural change and movement is an historic mystery. “The answer cannot be purely linguistic”, Dr Steele said. “There must have been considerable social importance attached to the idea of the alphabet having a particular order. It matters who was doing the writing and what they were using writing for.”

The origin of the alphabet is just one of the areas that the CREWS project will explore, along with the social and political context of writing, and drivers of language change, literacy and communication. Because of the high level of interconnectedness in the ancient Mediterranean and Near East, ideas could be spread widely as people moved, traded and interacted with different cultures.

“Globalization is not a purely modern phenomenon”, Dr Steele commented. “We might have better technology to pursue it now, but essentially we are engaging in the same activities as our ancestors.”

The CREWS project is the result of a long-term innovative program of combined and comparative research at the University of Cambridge. It will run for five years and will involve a four-person team working on a variety of ancient cultures and writing systems. The CREWS project has been made possible thanks to the European Research Council, who describe their mission as being “to encourage the highest-quality research in Europe.”

Dr Steele, the Principal Investigator on the project and a Senior Research Fellow at Magdalene College, Cambridge, has worked on ancient languages and writing systems for over ten years and previously specialized in the languages of ancient Cyprus. She said: “Cyprus lies right in the middle of an area where ancient people were moving about by land and sea and swapping technologies and ideas. That was one of the inspirations of the CREWS project. By studying how and what ancient people were writing, we will be able to gain more insight into their interactions with each other in ways that have never been fully understood before.”

Eteocypriot writing. Amathous, Cyprus, 500 to 300 BC. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Eteocypriot writing. Amathous, Cyprus, 500 to 300 BC. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. (CC BY SA 2.0)

The Contexts of and Relations Between Early Writing Systems (CREWS) project will be based at the University of Cambridge Faculty of Classics, a world-leading center for the study of the ancient world with a track record for innovative and interdisciplinary research. Running from April 2016, it will continue until 2021.

Follow the project blog online at https://crewsproject.wordpress.com/

Featured image: Tablet 343: Letter from Octavius to Candidus concerning supplies of wheat, hides and sinews. Source: Public Domain

The article ‘Easy as Alep, Bet, Gimel? Cambridge research explores social context of ancient writing’ was originally published on University of Cambridge and has been republished under a Creative Commons license.

 

Comments

Are you saying that we should be focusing more on astro-linguistics? I have never heard of this and would love a link to explain it more. I too feel that thr earth moving so fast through space while chasing the sun is a little bit too much. Thanx.

Cyrus Gordon, one of the most famous philologists of the 20th century, argued that writing came because of sea faring and went around the world for the same reason.

I think it has remained stable because of religion.  Almost all of our history consists of lies and errors built unknowingly on the lies.  Our languages have deep seated relationships to astro-theology, which modern linguists ignore mostly because they know nothing about it.  

Although I never practiced as a linguist, I studied it as an undergraduate at the Georgetown School of Languages and Linguistics, and never once heard about astro-theology.

Many of our other modern concepts come out of astro-theology, such as the atom and the idea of a sun massively bigger than the Earth and Moon, despite our own eyes.

Modern theology teaches us to believe in mystical concepts such as mathematics and language, rather than on reality.  Today people believe many impossible and incredible things, such as they live on a ball spinning at 1000 mph and surrounding by an infinite vacuum, purely religious ideas that can’t happen in the real world.  A vacuum would suck the atmosphere and oceans away in a second.  

Almost everyone in the modern world believes in a religio-science fiction version of reality, despite their own senses.  The Earth doesn’t move under your feet, or we would feel it.  The stars and sun and moon revolve around the Earth, as we all can see.  We couldn't see starts over 5 quadrillion miles away (the nearest star), because light can’t travel that far and nothing can.

Wake up out of your hypnosis.

Tom Carberry

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