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The Demonic Calendar Of Ancient Egypt

The Demonic Calendar Of Ancient Egypt

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The Egyptians, like many cultures, had no generic word for ‘demon’. Although some words, such as Akhw, get very close.  Etymologically, the Greek derived term ‘daemon’ or ‘demon’ means divider or alloter, and from Homer’s time onwards, it referred to an operator of unexpected and intrusive events in a person’s life. Unlike Olympian gods, a daemon was an impersonal thing, unpredictable, anonymous and often frightful in manifestation, thus connected with fate.

Egyptian scene with demons (Image: Courtesy Chris Morgan)

Egyptian scene with demons (Image: Courtesy Chris Morgan)

Plato, perhaps influenced by Egyptian and Hindu thought, added a new concept of the ‘guardian daemon’ that accompanied a person in life, and postmortem, acted as one’s judge or advocate. Contemporary magical practitioners often describe a spiritual entity known as the Holy Guardian Angel, that becomes attached to or comes into existence at one’s birth or conception.

The Living, The Dead And The Gods

The ancient Egyptians recognized three categories of sentient beings: The Ankhew, the Akhew and the Neterew which can be translated as the Living, the Dead and the Gods. All three have their good and bad sides. In fact, Egyptian texts present much information about the ancient fear of attack from night demons, but because of a general prejudice amongst old guard Egyptologists, much of this information was buried in obscure academic publications.

A Middle Kingdom star chart (Public Domain)

A Middle Kingdom star chart (Public Domain)

One such spell lay untranslated for years after its discovery, until younger academics such as Robert Ritner, took another look. To paraphrase his translation: “ Oh male adversary (DAy), Oh female adversary, Oh male ghost, Oh female ghost, Oh dead men, Oh dead women, be far from me. Listen but do not come. Your faces are twisted backwards, your limbs are unsound. Your heart is destined for the sacrificial meal of the Cobra Goddess”.

The spell reveals the way most Egyptians viewed the perils of the night. These entities can be dangerous, and there is a relationship between them and certain kinds of illnesses. Central to the process are night demons, ‘vampiric’ entities that are now known as ‘incubi’ or ‘succubi’. These creatures attack sexually, entering the bodies of their victims, perhaps during lovemaking, distracting sexual and other body fluids such as blood.

Ram-headed demon, hands outstretch probably to hold two snakes. From a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. (1325 BC).British Museum (Public Domain)

Ram-headed demon, hands outstretch probably to hold two snakes. From a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. (1325 BC).British Museum (Public Domain)

And neither are Egyptian demons a completely separate species. They come from the same familiar categories mentioned above, the living, the dead or the gods.

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Chris Morgan is a respected independent scholar, former Wellcome student, and holder of an advanced degree in Oriental Studies from University of Oxford. He is the author of several books on Egypt, specializing in folk religion, ritual calendars and the “archaeological memory” encoded in the religions of post pharaonic Egypt. He is the author of Demonic Calendar Ancient Egypt

Top Image: Goddess Nut, supported by the god of the air Shu; the earth god Geb is below them (Public Domain)

By Chris Morgan

 

Comments

Very interesting indeed...

Charles 

Chris Morgan's picture

Indeed, they seem to be some sort of intermediary between gods and humans, often, as in the case of the Nefilim, the children of the union between both realms. Perhaps the logic of their existence is inevitable – talking more about them on AO in June 

Mogg Morgan

Demons has been around since the beginning of time, and has been a part of all civilized, as well as uncivilized societies...

Charles 

Chris Morgan's picture

Best source is a bit heterodox nevertheless check out The Testament of Solomon – has descriptions of them all there 

Mogg Morgan

Chris Morgan's picture

Great Comment – AFAIK demons and even the satan in the ancient Jewish Bible are viewed somewhat differently to how they were encountered in the later Christian tradition. Given that the Hebrews trace their origins to Egypt, it wouldn’t be surprising to find this kind of imagery and magick there, especially the Kabbalah. One example I give in the book comes from the magical Book of Abramelin, whose list of demons to be dealt with by the magician can also be grouped into decans.Many of them have hebrew names.

I will look at the Book of Jubilees – which I’m told was never part of the Jewish Bible – some sort of Gnostic construction likely – but a likely source on the decans in Judaism . 

Mogg Morgan

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Chris Morgan's picture

Mogg

Mogg Morgan is a respected independent scholar, former Wellcome student, and holder of an advanced degree in Oriental Studies from University of Oxford.

He is the author of several books on Egypt, specializing in folk religion, ritual calendars and the... Read More

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