"about the same time" - meaning thousands of years apart? Why do people build pyramids? Because they are obviously the most stable structure. In a world of misinformation, it's a crime to add to it.
This time period was very turbulent for Popes as there were Popes and Anti-Popes. Some Popes were later declared invalid.
Formosus was not the only Pope to be tried for heresy posthumously. who died in 1303 was also tried posthumously. The trial of Pope Boniface III is told in Book 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis. Pope Clement V (not his successor) gave permission for the trial under pressure from King Philip IV, who had a feud with Boniface III. He was tried for immortality (one of the charges was sodomy or which no evidence was produced). The trial ended when several knights who maintain his innocence threw down their gauntlets declaring trial by combat. When no one accepted the challenge, and the Council declared the matter closed.
Also Wycliffe was declared a heretic 20 years after his death. His corpse was exhumed and burned and the ashes cast into the River Swift.What was his crime, translating the Bible into English.
As for no other Popes named Formosus, I believe Popes choose their names from previous Popes they admired and some consider Formosus’s reign invalid. Some believe that Formosus hijacked thr Popedome when his predecessor Pope Celestine V resigned.
You mentioned that Ares dethroned Mars, I wonder if the Romans had a war god before they encountered the Greeks. It is well known that the Romans adopted gods from others and I wonder if this was one of them, in which case, he wasn’t dethroned, though his name became less well known to the people.
This is on of the most ridiculous and childish events in the history of the church – althoug a factual one. It seems that not only Steven had problems with Formosus, but his successor. It seems Formosus was disinterred and reinterred several times before they finally settled on him being buried in the popes robes – The reason being that the numerous ordinations under Formosus had already gone on to become bishops. How indeed would they ‘un-ordain’ all those blessed under him?
Inerestingly, there has never been a Formosus II. I wonder why.
" Ancient Druidic shaman priests sacrificed many humans at Stonehenge with satanic ritualistic powers ,calling up "un-natural" fire to consume thier chosen victims who were kept in baskets made-up of vines. The summons of unholy Fire by the workers of the druidic shaman priests,ended the lives of several People's as the now celebrated " Halloween " custom ,was attributed to the druids and thier craft of sorceress witchcraft and satanic ritualistic killing. Archeaologist are finding bones charred by the score and although scientists are baffled at the findings ,ancient druidic texts tell of thier undertaking and events. The facts of ritualistic ceremonial traditions were revealed by a British Archeaologist named - R.H. Deviney in 1858,as he discovered the druidic manuscripts in a Northamptonshire village library collection dating to 1298 kept hidden for hundreds of years along with amulets ,daggers, staffs ,ceremonial goblets and recorded spells for summoning spirits and satanic fire. The realization that Druids once gathered at Stonehenge and performed thier deeds,only mystifies the attempts to study thier habits and ways.
In the early Fifth Century there was a mini-ice age that drove many peoples from central Asia west into Europe. The Scythians, who's priests were referred to as Serpents finally went as far west as Ireland. It was the Scythians who St. Patrick drove out of Ireland. Here is a song about it. "In the year four hundred eighteen we did take a trip. Chased by Patrick and his goons we took some Viking ships. Far across Atlantis Sea we came to Vineland shore. We built our homes and left our bones with all the jewels we word. I am MIke O'Dan the Snakeman and I come from Ire Land. This land you call New England used to be our home. We left our magic trees and runes within our catacombs. We left all our great wisdom here to help you find your will. We left our trees at at Sharon Springs and down at Mystery Hill. I am Mike O'Dan the Snakeman and I come from Ire Land." This song is titled "Mike O'Dan the Snakeman".
It is true that the oldest masonry is often the most advanced. In some places, the masonry is so inexplicable, it is impossible to explain it by any means other than advanced technology. The Ba'albek platform and its twin on Mt. Moirah. The dark granite boxes in the Serapeum, each carved from a single immense stone with precision tolerances measured in ten-thousandths of an inch. The seemingly whimsical sites scattered throughout the Andes in Peru that do not appear to have ever been part of a structure and display astonishing capability in shaping stone, entire cliff faces cut into smooth, flat surfaces, complex arrays of gear-cog teeth, a small group of stone cubes formed so finely the corners are sharp enough to cut, and many other features equally difficult to achieve. The keystone cuts imply some kind of portable smelting. The Imperial grounds scattered about in Japan contain some of the largest single stone blocks in the world, and the high, convex curved platforms have survived thousands of years of earthquakes needing no repair and looking as though they were completed yesterday. Huge granite outcrops in Bolivia that have been shaped into complex geometric forms that convey a clear sense of utility and purpose, though what that purpose might have been, no one knows. The huge statues of Rameses II in Egypt with perfect bilateral symmetry, impossible to achieve by hand and eye alone.
How would spiritual advancement, a focus on the inner self and the immaterial, help achieve these things? Seems to me that tools are required. Tools as advanced or more so than what we have today, or based on principles of physics which are unknown to us.
Sharer and Traxler claim the sacrificial victim was painted blue—not covered with gold dust. In addition El Dorado, referred to "riches" or a city of gold. Please cite your source that sacrificial victims were covered with gold dust.
Reference:
Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
For a clear fact based article from the Orlando Sentinel on what those Dakota Access Pipeline protesters don’t tell you: "The Dakota Access Pipeline: The Other Side Of The Story"
There is a long and fascinating thread about the rumors and folk legends of Bucegi in the Above Top Secret forum. Also look up Mt. Untersberg if these kinds of tales fascinate you.
This article is not about Blacks in Mexico. There is no way you can claim that there were no Black Native Americans before 1492, because even the Spanish said the first Indians they met were Black people like the Africans and people of South Indian. Neither genetic evidence nor craniometrics deny the existence of Black Native Americans. The Native Americans were called Indians because they were Black skinned like the Natives of South India.
Alcina-Franch made it clear that the Spanish left us mention of many Sub-Saharan Communities in Central America and Mexico . These dark skinned Indians were Africans not mongoloid Indians. Paul Gaffarel noted that when Balboa reached America he found "negre veritables" or true Blacks(12). Balboa noted "...Indian traditions of Mexico and Central America indicate that Negroes were among the first occupants of that territory” ."
In addition, eyewitness accounts of SSA populations in the Caribbean, and Mexico anthropologists have found SSA skeletons at Pre-Columbian sites . Moore, Wailoo, and Whittington report that ancient Mayan skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans . The presence of sickle cell anemia among the ancient Maya, supports Quatrefages claim that the Chontal Maya were Africans . Winters has shown the Manding, an African language, as a substratum in Mayan languages.
Craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods have determined the Native American populations. This research indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
The determination of the Paleoamericans as members of the Black Variety is not a new phenomena. Howells (1973, 1989, 1995) using multivariate analyses, determined that the Easter Island population was characterized as Australo-Melanesian, while other skeletons from South America were found to be related to Africans and Australians (Coon, 1962; Dixon, 2001; Howell, 1989, 1995; Lahr, 1996). The African-Australo-Melanesian morphology was widespread in North and South America. For example skeletal remains belonging to the Black Variety have been found in Brazil (Neves, Powell, Prous and Ozolins, 1998; Neves et al., 1998), Columbian Highlands (Neves et al., 1995; Powell, 2005), Mexico (Gonza’lez-Jose, 2012), Florida (Howells, 1995), and Southern Patazonia (Neves et al., 1999a, 1999b).
We don’t have to depend on just paintings to acknowledge the Negro/African presence in America before 1492, we also have the facial reconstructions of paleoAmericans that have resulted from craniometrics that show these people were Blacks. The bioanthropologist Walter Neves’s reconstruction of the first Americans evidenced Negroid features for the Paleoamerican we call Luzia. What made this finding startling was that Neves using the mahalanobis distance and principal component analysis, found that 75 other skulls from Lagos Santa, were also phenotypically African or Australian (Neves et al., 2004).So stop trying to claim there were no Blacks in America before 1492, Blacks had been in America 94,000 years according to Dr. Nieda Guidon before the mongloid Native Americans found in America today arrived in the United States 6000 years ago.
There is genetic and ethnographic evidence that some of the Maya were Blacks. The Mayan speaking Mexicans include Black Mexicans who were probably decendants of the Paleoamericans. According to Quatrefages in The Human Species, the Black tribes of Mexicans include the Othomi (Otomi), and Tzendal/Chontal. Arnaiz-Villena and Winters have discussed the genetic evidence of Indigenous Mexican-African admixture that is compelling. The frequency of HLA B*35 at 45% is highest among the Maya. We also find that the YAP+ associated with AàG transition at DYS271 and 9bp also has a high frequency among the Maya, all these markers are associated with African ancestry. This is not surprising because Quatrefages classified the Chontal Maya as Black Native Americans (3,7,11) , and sickle cell anemia is found among ancient Mayan skeletons.The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch’ol and Chontal which stood around 15% . The most pristine form of R-M173 is carried by Africans. The haplogroup R-M173 is not found in Siberia.. The Ch’ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b . The fact that Neves discovered the Paleoamericans were Black, makes it clear that the ancestors of the Aztecs and Chontal may be descendants of this Mexican population.
References:
1.Alcina-Franch J.(1985). Los orígenes de America. : Editorial Alhambra.
Coon CS (1962). The Origin of Races (New York: Knopf).
Dixon EJ (2001). Human colonization of the Americas: timing, chronology and process. Quaternary Science Review 20 277–99.
Gonza´lez-Jose´ R, Hernande´z M, Neves WA, Pucciarelli HM and Correal G (2002). Cra´neos del Pleistoceno tardio-Holoceno tempramo de Me´xico en relacio´n al patro´n morfolo´gico paleoamericano. Paper presented at the 7th Congress of the Latin American Association of Biological Anthropology, Mexico City.
Howells WW (1973). Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference among Recent Human Populations, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 67.
Howells WW (1989). Skull Shapes and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 79. Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Cerca Grande 497
Howells WW (1995). Who’s Who in Skulls: Ethnic Identification of Crania from Measurments, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University) 82.
Moore,S. (1929). The Bone Change in Sickle Cell Anemia with A Note on Similar Changes Observed in Skulls of Ancient Mayan Indians, Journal of Missouri Medical Association, 26:561
Neves WA and Hubbe M (2005). Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(18) 309–18, 314.
Neves WA and Meyer D (1993). The contribution of the morphology of early South and Northamerican skeletal remains to the understanding of the peopling of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16(Suppl) 150–1.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1989). Extra-continental biological relationships of early South American human remains: a multivariate analysis. Cieˆncia e Cultura 41 566–75.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1990). The origins of the first Americans: an analysis based onthe cranial morphology of early South American human remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 247.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261–73.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261-273.
Neves WA, Gonza´ lez-Jose´ R, Hubbe M, Kipnis R, Araujo AGM and Blasi O (2004). Early Holocene Human Skeletal Remains form Cerca Grande, Lagoa Santa, Central Brazil, and the origins of the first Americans. World Archaeology 36 479-501.
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50 263-268.
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile. Interciencia 24 258-263, Available: http://www.interciencia.org/v24_04/neves.pdf
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999a). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli Aike, southern Chile. Interciencia 24 258–63.
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999b). Modern human origins as seen from the peripheries. Journal of Human Evolution 37 129–33.
Neves WA, Powell JF, Prous A and Ozolins EG (1998). Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphologial affinities or the earliest known American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 26(Suppl) 169.
Quatrefages, A de.(1889) . Introduction a L’Etudes des Races Humaines.
Wailoo, Keith. (2002). Drawing Blood: Technology and Disease Identity in Twentieth-Century America. JHU Press.
Whittington, S. L., & Reed, D. M. (1997). Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons. Washington, D.C: Smithonian Institution Press.
Winters,C. ( 2011 ). Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 3(3): 152-179.
The Viking period and date of Chichen Itza correspond. The navigation and sailing ability of the Vikings during this period is well known. The existence of Europeans at Chichen Itza makes it clear these whites were probably Vikings given the Viking sagas of sailing to the New World.
Stop trying to confuse the readers. Alexander von Wuthenau had made it clear over 50 years ago that Meso-America was a cosmopolitan society where many different races lived.
Oh, I almost forgot, that "white" guy on the alter? He's a royal sacrificial victim. The so called El Dorado of the Spanish. It was common practice for the Maya to cover a royal victim with gold dust before sacrificing him/her and tossing the body into a sacred Cenote. Hence the term "El Dorado" meaning The Golden One.
This may come as a surprise to you but, braids and spiked hair aka "Mohawks" are common Native American hairstyles. I see no "Viking garb" on any of the 4 men and their "beards" are simply their warrior cowls pulled back. The "axes" you see are typical Mesoamerican war clubs. BTW, the Viking helmet NEVER bore horns. That is a romantic fantasy from 19th century European painters. Oh, and Maya warriors wore skullcaps and or helmets. I have said this before and I'll say it again, there is absolutely no evidence of Africans before the 17th century or Europeans in the Americas before the tenth century.
The thing I take from this, is that many now are trying to replicate the ancient way of eating in order to improve health, and there is a large negative voice saying that those people couldn't have been so healthy since they didn't live long. This article goes to suggest that the attempt to replicate the ancient diet, albeit in modern form, is not as ridiculous as some make out.
First of all this is an EXCELLENT article! I’ve been following this controversy for awhile now and I see yet another repeat of what has been played out so many times before elsewhere. The native peoples are ignored, bascially, so that the Fascists Corporatist can get their profit at ANY cost. These people do not respect Native land, tradition, history, or rights! The sacred means nothing to them as they only engage in the profane! The dirty tricks these people use absolutely infuriates me to no end. That added to the fact that the US Government fails to honor so many treaties with the Tribes really upsets me. Yes, in this case, conversation is still possible but any conversation has to be two-ways and that is NOT the M.O. of these greed motivated corporatist. Personally I think they need to be given some of their own medicine. Thus, I propose immediate construction of a 6 lane freeway running from Indipendence Hall in Philadelphia to Washington DC through the White House and through the US Capital building and straight out to Virginia. Offended by my idea? Good now you know how Native Americans feel.
Here you can navigate quickly through all comments made in any article sorted by date/time.
"about the same time" - meaning thousands of years apart? Why do people build pyramids? Because they are obviously the most stable structure. In a world of misinformation, it's a crime to add to it.
This time period was very turbulent for Popes as there were Popes and Anti-Popes. Some Popes were later declared invalid.
Formosus was not the only Pope to be tried for heresy posthumously. who died in 1303 was also tried posthumously. The trial of Pope Boniface III is told in Book 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis. Pope Clement V (not his successor) gave permission for the trial under pressure from King Philip IV, who had a feud with Boniface III. He was tried for immortality (one of the charges was sodomy or which no evidence was produced). The trial ended when several knights who maintain his innocence threw down their gauntlets declaring trial by combat. When no one accepted the challenge, and the Council declared the matter closed.
Also Wycliffe was declared a heretic 20 years after his death. His corpse was exhumed and burned and the ashes cast into the River Swift.What was his crime, translating the Bible into English.
As for no other Popes named Formosus, I believe Popes choose their names from previous Popes they admired and some consider Formosus’s reign invalid. Some believe that Formosus hijacked thr Popedome when his predecessor Pope Celestine V resigned.
You mentioned that Ares dethroned Mars, I wonder if the Romans had a war god before they encountered the Greeks. It is well known that the Romans adopted gods from others and I wonder if this was one of them, in which case, he wasn’t dethroned, though his name became less well known to the people.
This is on of the most ridiculous and childish events in the history of the church – althoug a factual one. It seems that not only Steven had problems with Formosus, but his successor. It seems Formosus was disinterred and reinterred several times before they finally settled on him being buried in the popes robes – The reason being that the numerous ordinations under Formosus had already gone on to become bishops. How indeed would they ‘un-ordain’ all those blessed under him?
Inerestingly, there has never been a Formosus II. I wonder why.
… and what was that common ancestor? A primate. An ape, in other words.
" Ancient Druidic shaman priests sacrificed many humans at Stonehenge with satanic ritualistic powers ,calling up "un-natural" fire to consume thier chosen victims who were kept in baskets made-up of vines. The summons of unholy Fire by the workers of the druidic shaman priests,ended the lives of several People's as the now celebrated " Halloween " custom ,was attributed to the druids and thier craft of sorceress witchcraft and satanic ritualistic killing. Archeaologist are finding bones charred by the score and although scientists are baffled at the findings ,ancient druidic texts tell of thier undertaking and events. The facts of ritualistic ceremonial traditions were revealed by a British Archeaologist named - R.H. Deviney in 1858,as he discovered the druidic manuscripts in a Northamptonshire village library collection dating to 1298 kept hidden for hundreds of years along with amulets ,daggers, staffs ,ceremonial goblets and recorded spells for summoning spirits and satanic fire. The realization that Druids once gathered at Stonehenge and performed thier deeds,only mystifies the attempts to study thier habits and ways.
In the early Fifth Century there was a mini-ice age that drove many peoples from central Asia west into Europe. The Scythians, who's priests were referred to as Serpents finally went as far west as Ireland. It was the Scythians who St. Patrick drove out of Ireland. Here is a song about it. "In the year four hundred eighteen we did take a trip. Chased by Patrick and his goons we took some Viking ships. Far across Atlantis Sea we came to Vineland shore. We built our homes and left our bones with all the jewels we word. I am MIke O'Dan the Snakeman and I come from Ire Land. This land you call New England used to be our home. We left our magic trees and runes within our catacombs. We left all our great wisdom here to help you find your will. We left our trees at at Sharon Springs and down at Mystery Hill. I am Mike O'Dan the Snakeman and I come from Ire Land." This song is titled "Mike O'Dan the Snakeman".
It is true that the oldest masonry is often the most advanced. In some places, the masonry is so inexplicable, it is impossible to explain it by any means other than advanced technology. The Ba'albek platform and its twin on Mt. Moirah. The dark granite boxes in the Serapeum, each carved from a single immense stone with precision tolerances measured in ten-thousandths of an inch. The seemingly whimsical sites scattered throughout the Andes in Peru that do not appear to have ever been part of a structure and display astonishing capability in shaping stone, entire cliff faces cut into smooth, flat surfaces, complex arrays of gear-cog teeth, a small group of stone cubes formed so finely the corners are sharp enough to cut, and many other features equally difficult to achieve. The keystone cuts imply some kind of portable smelting. The Imperial grounds scattered about in Japan contain some of the largest single stone blocks in the world, and the high, convex curved platforms have survived thousands of years of earthquakes needing no repair and looking as though they were completed yesterday. Huge granite outcrops in Bolivia that have been shaped into complex geometric forms that convey a clear sense of utility and purpose, though what that purpose might have been, no one knows. The huge statues of Rameses II in Egypt with perfect bilateral symmetry, impossible to achieve by hand and eye alone.
How would spiritual advancement, a focus on the inner self and the immaterial, help achieve these things? Seems to me that tools are required. Tools as advanced or more so than what we have today, or based on principles of physics which are unknown to us.
Sharer and Traxler claim the sacrificial victim was painted blue—not covered with gold dust. In addition El Dorado, referred to "riches" or a city of gold. Please cite your source that sacrificial victims were covered with gold dust.
Reference:
Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
For a clear fact based article from the Orlando Sentinel on what those Dakota Access Pipeline protesters don’t tell you: "The Dakota Access Pipeline: The Other Side Of The Story"
http://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/os-ed-standing-rock-sioux-other-s...
There is a long and fascinating thread about the rumors and folk legends of Bucegi in the Above Top Secret forum. Also look up Mt. Untersberg if these kinds of tales fascinate you.
You don’t know what you’re talking about.
This article is not about Blacks in Mexico. There is no way you can claim that there were no Black Native Americans before 1492, because even the Spanish said the first Indians they met were Black people like the Africans and people of South Indian. Neither genetic evidence nor craniometrics deny the existence of Black Native Americans. The Native Americans were called Indians because they were Black skinned like the Natives of South India.
Alcina-Franch made it clear that the Spanish left us mention of many Sub-Saharan Communities in Central America and Mexico . These dark skinned Indians were Africans not mongoloid Indians. Paul Gaffarel noted that when Balboa reached America he found "negre veritables" or true Blacks(12). Balboa noted "...Indian traditions of Mexico and Central America indicate that Negroes were among the first occupants of that territory” ."
In addition, eyewitness accounts of SSA populations in the Caribbean, and Mexico anthropologists have found SSA skeletons at Pre-Columbian sites . Moore, Wailoo, and Whittington report that ancient Mayan skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans . The presence of sickle cell anemia among the ancient Maya, supports Quatrefages claim that the Chontal Maya were Africans . Winters has shown the Manding, an African language, as a substratum in Mayan languages.
Craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods have determined the Native American populations. This research indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
The determination of the Paleoamericans as members of the Black Variety is not a new phenomena. Howells (1973, 1989, 1995) using multivariate analyses, determined that the Easter Island population was characterized as Australo-Melanesian, while other skeletons from South America were found to be related to Africans and Australians (Coon, 1962; Dixon, 2001; Howell, 1989, 1995; Lahr, 1996). The African-Australo-Melanesian morphology was widespread in North and South America. For example skeletal remains belonging to the Black Variety have been found in Brazil (Neves, Powell, Prous and Ozolins, 1998; Neves et al., 1998), Columbian Highlands (Neves et al., 1995; Powell, 2005), Mexico (Gonza’lez-Jose, 2012), Florida (Howells, 1995), and Southern Patazonia (Neves et al., 1999a, 1999b).
We don’t have to depend on just paintings to acknowledge the Negro/African presence in America before 1492, we also have the facial reconstructions of paleoAmericans that have resulted from craniometrics that show these people were Blacks. The bioanthropologist Walter Neves’s reconstruction of the first Americans evidenced Negroid features for the Paleoamerican we call Luzia. What made this finding startling was that Neves using the mahalanobis distance and principal component analysis, found that 75 other skulls from Lagos Santa, were also phenotypically African or Australian (Neves et al., 2004).So stop trying to claim there were no Blacks in America before 1492, Blacks had been in America 94,000 years according to Dr. Nieda Guidon before the mongloid Native Americans found in America today arrived in the United States 6000 years ago.
There is genetic and ethnographic evidence that some of the Maya were Blacks. The Mayan speaking Mexicans include Black Mexicans who were probably decendants of the Paleoamericans. According to Quatrefages in The Human Species, the Black tribes of Mexicans include the Othomi (Otomi), and Tzendal/Chontal. Arnaiz-Villena and Winters have discussed the genetic evidence of Indigenous Mexican-African admixture that is compelling. The frequency of HLA B*35 at 45% is highest among the Maya. We also find that the YAP+ associated with AàG transition at DYS271 and 9bp also has a high frequency among the Maya, all these markers are associated with African ancestry. This is not surprising because Quatrefages classified the Chontal Maya as Black Native Americans (3,7,11) , and sickle cell anemia is found among ancient Mayan skeletons.The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch’ol and Chontal which stood around 15% . The most pristine form of R-M173 is carried by Africans. The haplogroup R-M173 is not found in Siberia.. The Ch’ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b . The fact that Neves discovered the Paleoamericans were Black, makes it clear that the ancestors of the Aztecs and Chontal may be descendants of this Mexican population.
References:
1.Alcina-Franch J.(1985). Los orígenes de America. : Editorial Alhambra.
2. Arnaiz-Villena,A, Moscoso, J.,Serrano-Vela,I. (2006).The uniqueness of Amerindians according to HLA genes and the peopling of the Americas. http://www.inmunologia.org/Upload/Articles/6/7/678.pdf
Coon CS (1962). The Origin of Races (New York: Knopf).
Dixon EJ (2001). Human colonization of the Americas: timing, chronology and process. Quaternary Science Review 20 277–99.
Gonza´lez-Jose´ R, Hernande´z M, Neves WA, Pucciarelli HM and Correal G (2002). Cra´neos del Pleistoceno tardio-Holoceno tempramo de Me´xico en relacio´n al patro´n morfolo´gico paleoamericano. Paper presented at the 7th Congress of the Latin American Association of Biological Anthropology, Mexico City.
Howells WW (1973). Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference among Recent Human Populations, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 67.
Howells WW (1989). Skull Shapes and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University) 79. Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Cerca Grande 497
Howells WW (1995). Who’s Who in Skulls: Ethnic Identification of Crania from Measurments, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University) 82.
Moore,S. (1929). The Bone Change in Sickle Cell Anemia with A Note on Similar Changes Observed in Skulls of Ancient Mayan Indians, Journal of Missouri Medical Association, 26:561
Neves WA and Hubbe M (2005). Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(18) 309–18, 314.
Neves WA and Meyer D (1993). The contribution of the morphology of early South and Northamerican skeletal remains to the understanding of the peopling of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16(Suppl) 150–1.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1989). Extra-continental biological relationships of early South American human remains: a multivariate analysis. Cieˆncia e Cultura 41 566–75.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1990). The origins of the first Americans: an analysis based onthe cranial morphology of early South American human remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81 247.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261–73.
Neves WA and Pucciarelli HM (1991). Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution 21 261-273.
Neves WA, Gonza´ lez-Jose´ R, Hubbe M, Kipnis R, Araujo AGM and Blasi O (2004). Early Holocene Human Skeletal Remains form Cerca Grande, Lagoa Santa, Central Brazil, and the origins of the first Americans. World Archaeology 36 479-501.
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50 263-268.
Neves WA, Powell JF and Ozolins EG (1999). Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile. Interciencia 24 258-263, Available: http://www.interciencia.org/v24_04/neves.pdf
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The Viking period and date of Chichen Itza correspond. The navigation and sailing ability of the Vikings during this period is well known. The existence of Europeans at Chichen Itza makes it clear these whites were probably Vikings given the Viking sagas of sailing to the New World.
Stop trying to confuse the readers. Alexander von Wuthenau had made it clear over 50 years ago that Meso-America was a cosmopolitan society where many different races lived.
The Epiphany Window is a Map of Stonehenge:
Mishkan (Ark) is below Hele Stone (double star)
http://www.grahamphillips.net/ark/ark10.html
Oh, I almost forgot, that "white" guy on the alter? He's a royal sacrificial victim. The so called El Dorado of the Spanish. It was common practice for the Maya to cover a royal victim with gold dust before sacrificing him/her and tossing the body into a sacred Cenote. Hence the term "El Dorado" meaning The Golden One.
This may come as a surprise to you but, braids and spiked hair aka "Mohawks" are common Native American hairstyles. I see no "Viking garb" on any of the 4 men and their "beards" are simply their warrior cowls pulled back. The "axes" you see are typical Mesoamerican war clubs. BTW, the Viking helmet NEVER bore horns. That is a romantic fantasy from 19th century European painters. Oh, and Maya warriors wore skullcaps and or helmets. I have said this before and I'll say it again, there is absolutely no evidence of Africans before the 17th century or Europeans in the Americas before the tenth century.
And that's the truth.
WHEW!
The thing I take from this, is that many now are trying to replicate the ancient way of eating in order to improve health, and there is a large negative voice saying that those people couldn't have been so healthy since they didn't live long. This article goes to suggest that the attempt to replicate the ancient diet, albeit in modern form, is not as ridiculous as some make out.
First of all this is an EXCELLENT article! I’ve been following this controversy for awhile now and I see yet another repeat of what has been played out so many times before elsewhere. The native peoples are ignored, bascially, so that the Fascists Corporatist can get their profit at ANY cost. These people do not respect Native land, tradition, history, or rights! The sacred means nothing to them as they only engage in the profane! The dirty tricks these people use absolutely infuriates me to no end. That added to the fact that the US Government fails to honor so many treaties with the Tribes really upsets me. Yes, in this case, conversation is still possible but any conversation has to be two-ways and that is NOT the M.O. of these greed motivated corporatist. Personally I think they need to be given some of their own medicine. Thus, I propose immediate construction of a 6 lane freeway running from Indipendence Hall in Philadelphia to Washington DC through the White House and through the US Capital building and straight out to Virginia. Offended by my idea? Good now you know how Native Americans feel.
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