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Neanderthals (CC0)

Five Surprising Things DNA has Revealed About our Ancestors

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Researchers recently used DNA from the 10,000-year-old “Cheddar Man”, one of Britain’s oldest skeletons, to unveil what the first inhabitants of what now is Britain actually looked like. But this isn’t the first time DNA from old skeletons has provided intriguing findings about our ancestors. Rapid advances in genetic sequencing over the past few decades have opened up a whole new window into the past.

1. Our Ancestors copulated with Neanderthals

Archaeologists have known for some time that modern humans and Neanderthals lived together in Europe and Asia, but until recently the nature of their cohabitation was unknown.

In fact, after the first full Neanderthal mitochondrial genome (DNA located in the cell’s mitochondria) was sequenced in 2008, there was still uncertainty among both archaeologists and geneticists as to whether humans interbred with our closest relative.

When the full genome of a Neanderthal was sequenced in 2010, comparisons with modern human DNA showed that all non-African people have pieces of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. This could have occurred if humans and Neanderthal had interbred around just 50,000 years ago, a result that was confirmed a few years later.

The look of love. Human and Neanderthal skulls

The look of love. Human and Neanderthal skulls. DrMikeBaxter/wikimediaCC BY-SA

2. Interbreeding enabled Tibetans to live in mountains

Amazingly, it wasn’t just trysts with Neanderthals that kept our ancestors busy. When DNA was sequenced from a fossilised finger from a cave in the Altai mountains of Siberia, which was thought to be Neanderthal, genetic analysis showed that it was actually a new species of human, distinct from but closely related to Neanderthals. Analysis of its full genome showed that these “Denisovans” also had sex with our ancestors.

Tibetans, who live among some of the highest mountains in the world, are able to survive at altitudes where most people are encumbered by the lack of oxygen. Genetic analysis has shown that Tibetans, along with Ethiopian and Andean mountain dwellers, have special genetic adaptations that allow them to process oxygen in this rarefied mountain air.

We now know that these genetic adaptations to altitude in Tibetans – they have a specific variant of a gene called EPAS1 - were in fact inherited through ancestral mating with Denisovans.

It turns out that improvements in immunity, metabolism and diet among modern humans are also due to beneficial genetic variants inherited through this interbreeding with both Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Buddhist stupa and houses outside the town of Aba, on the Tibetan Plateau.

Buddhist stupa and houses outside the town of Aba, on the Tibetan Plateau. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

3. Our ancestors evolved surprisingly quickly

Interbreeding accounts only for a tiny amount of human adaptation around the world. Analyses of DNA are showing us that, as our ancestors moved around the world, they evolved to different environments and diets far more quickly than was originally thought.

For example, the textbook example of a human adaptation is the evolution of lactose tolerance. The ability to digest milk past the age of three is not universal – and was previously assumed to have spread into Europe with agriculture from the Middle East starting some 10,000 years ago.

But when we look at the DNA of people over the past 10,000 years, this adaptation – which is now commonplace in northern Europe – was not present until around around 4,000 years ago, and even then, it was still quite rare. This means that the spread of lactose tolerance across Europe must have occurred incredibly quickly.

4. The first British people were dark-skinned

DNA from one of Britain’s fist people, Cheddar Man, shows that he was very likely to have dark brown skin and blue eyes. And, despite his eponym, we also know from his DNA that he couldn’t digest milk.

While it’s fascinating, and perhaps surprising, to learn that some of the first people to inhabit the island that is now known as Britain had dark skin and blue eyes, this striking combination is not altogether unpredictable given what we’ve learnt about Paleolithic Europe from ancient DNA. Dark skin was actually quite common in hunter gatherers such as Cheddar Man who were living in Europe in the millennia after he was alive – and blue eyes have been around since the Ice Age.

Close up of the model of Cheddar Man rendered by Kennis & Kennis Reconstructions

Close up of the model of Cheddar Man rendered by Kennis & Kennis Reconstructions (Image: ©Tom Barnes/Channel 4)

5. Immigrants from the East brought white skin to Europe

So, if dark skin was common in Europe 10,000 years ago, how did Europeans get their white skin? There are no hunter gatherers left in Europe, and very few remaining around the world. Agriculture has replaced hunting as a way of life, and in Europe we know that farming spread from the Middle East. Genetics has taught us that this change also involved significant movement of people.

We now know that there was also a large influx of people from the Russian and Ukrainian Steppe around 5,000 years ago. As well as DNA, the Yamnaya people brought domesticated horses and the wheel into Europe – and maybe even proto-Indo-European, the language from which almost all modern European languages originate.

A good bet for where white skin came from is that it was introduced by either the Yamnaya or Middle Eastern immigrant groups. It will have then become ubiquitous as a result of its benefit as an adaptation to low levels of sunlight – light skin pigmentation is thought to help people better absorb sunlight and synthesise vitamin D from it.

Ancient DNA Origins

Top image: Neanderthals (CC0)

The article ‘Five surprising things DNA has revealed about our ancestors’ by George Busby was originally published on The Conversation and has been republished under a Creative Commons license.

 

Comments

Surprising! yes, since what is not intentional mis-informantion (pre-PC word LIE), it is bigoted personal (guilt-trip?) convoluted "speculation. We, people in real world, are tired of the fear in academia & press of using accurate words. "non-African" ???? Africa is a continent, it includes the Koi-Sans, Dutch Boers, various other Caucasians (Arabs, Jews, Tauregs etc) & of course the (at moment) larger group NEGROID. (years back when accuracy was prominent over cowardice) it was well established in anthropology that Negroes are a recent specialization, not the early norm.. Stop being afraid (of whom?) to use proper accurate terms. Dark does NOT mean BLACK, nor chocolate etc. Artist silly "ideas" are insulting, waste space(is that the purpose of them?). e.g. the pre-Kelts (correigh) in Ireland, the Samii in Lapland, were & STILL are slightly dark compared to Kelts & Vikings, but far far from that irrational & insulting picture.

Much of this article is speculative at best.

Every person is lactose intolerant it is just a matter of the degree of intolerance. We do not become lactose tolerant. Milk and especially the milk of an entirely different species is not and I repeat, not digestible by a human adult. We do not have the enzyme to coagulate and slowly digest milk after being weaned from our human mothers. Many (most) babies suffer because of cows milk.

Human adaptation is provable. Evolution has not yet been proved. The two subjects should be distinguished.  “very likely to have dark brown skin and blue eyes” very likely is not fact or proof. In fact it is most probably not the case. The image of the dark man is a reconstruction by Kennis and Kennis is not a fact but an artistic rendition. I do sometimes feel that we are being educated to take this in as reality, the fiction of our ancestors and I also feel for a malevolent purpose. 

 

 

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