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A modern Medusa depiction.

The Real Story of Medusa: Protective Powers from a Snake-Haired Gorgon

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In ancient Greek mythology, Medusa is the most famous of three monstrous sisters known as the Gorgons. The earliest known record about the story of Medusa and the Gorgons can be found in Hesiod’s Theogony. According to this ancient author, the three sisters, Sthenno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the children of Phorcys and Ceto and lived “beyond famed Oceanus at the world’s edge hard by Night”. Of the three, only Medusa is said to be mortal. But she is also the most famous and the myth of her demise at the hands of Perseus is often recounted.

Why Did Medusa Get Cursed?

Although Hesiod gives an account of Medusa’s origins and the death of Medusa at the hands of Perseus, he does not say more about her. By contrast, a more comprehensive account of Perseus and Medusa can be found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. In this work, Ovid describes Medusa as originally being a beautiful maiden. Her beauty caught the eye of Poseidon, who desired her and proceeded to ravage her in Athena’s shrine. When Athena discovered the sea god had ravaged Medusa in her shrine she sought vengeance by transforming Medusa’s hair into snakes, so that anyone who gazed at her directly would be turned into stone.

Stone carved panel of the head of Medusa. (Shelli Jensen / Adobe)

Thus, the description of Medusa changed from one of an alluring lady, as Ovid describes in Metamorphoses:

Medusa once had charms; to gain her love
A rival crowd of envious lovers strove.
They, who have seen her, own, they ne'er did trace
More moving features in a sweeter face.
Yet above all, her length of hair, they own,
In golden ringlets wav'd, and graceful shone.

– Ovid, Metamorphoses

To a monstrous being which Virgil writes of in a far less attractive manner:

“In the middle is the Gorgon Medusa, an enormous monster about whom snaky locks twist their hissing mouths; her eyes stare malevolently, and under the base of her chin the tail-ends of serpents have tied knots.”

Some other variations of the myth suggest that Medusa and the other Gorgons were always hideous monsters and covered with snakes.

The Legend of Medusa and Perseus

The full myth of Perseus and Medusa begins years before they battled. Perseus was the son of Danae, daughter of Acrisius the King of Argos, and Zeus. The god had impregnated the princess in the form of a shower of gold after her father had locked her away upon learning from an oracle that he would be killed by his grandson. Acrisius feared the child, but wanted to avoid Zeus’ wrath, so instead of killing Perseus, he sent the baby and Danae out to sea in a wooden chest.

Dictys of the island of Seriphus rescued the two and he raised Perseus like a son. However, there were others close by who weren’t so kind to the boy. In the myth of Perseus , the hero is sent by Polydectes, Dictys’ brother and the king of Seriphus, on a quest to bring him the head of Medusa. This was a trick because Polydectes desired Perseus’ mother and wanted to get rid of her son, who was not in favor of the relationship. Such a mission would have been equivalent to suicide for Perseus and Polydectes did not expect him to ever return to Seriphus.

As Perseus was the son of Zeus, he was aided by the gods. Perseus received the Cap of Invisibility from Hades, a pair of winged sandals from Hermes, a reflective bronze shield from Athena, and a sword from Hephaestus. With these divine gifts, Perseus sought out Medusa and decapitated her with the bronze shield while she was asleep.

Head of Medusa by Peter Paul Rubens. (Public Domain)

Immediately after the Gorgon was beheaded, the winged horse Pegasus sprung out from her neck. In the Theogony, Hesiod also mentions that the golden giant Chrysaor, who was born with a golden sword in his hand, emerged from the severed neck of Medusa. Medusa’s sisters also arrived on the scene around the same time and chased Perseus. But the hero escaped by using the Cap of Invisibility. Some versions of the myth say he took Pegasus with him as well.

After this, Perseus flew away via Hermes’ sandals or Pegasus, setting course for Seriphus. But he had several other exciting events before returning to the island. Although Perseus may be at the center of these stories, it could be argued that it is the transformative powers of Medusa’s severed head that played a pivotal role in the hero’s subsequent adventures.

Pegasus emerges from the body of Medusa. 'The Perseus Series: The Death of Medusa I' by Edward Burne-Jones

Pegasus emerges from the body of Medusa. ‘The Perseus Series: The Death of Medusa I’ by Edward Burne-Jones. (Public Domain)

The Powers of Medusa’s Head

When the blood dripped from Medusa’s head onto the plains of Libya, each drop of blood transformed into venomous serpents. The power of Medusa’s head is seen again when Perseus encountered the Titan Atlas. When Perseus asked Atlas for a place to rest for a short while, his request was refused. Knowing that he would not be able to defeat the Titan with brute force alone, he took out Medusa’s head and Atlas was turned into a mountain.

Perseus also encountered Andromeda, the daughter of the Aethiopian king Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. Using Medusa’s head, Perseus succeeded in rescuing the princess, who was being sacrificed to Cetus, a sea monster sent by Poseidon to punish Cassiopeia for boasting that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids. Medusa’s petrifying power is also used on Phineus, Andromeda’s uncle whom she was betrothed to, Proetus, the usurper of the throne of Argos, and finally Polydectes himself. Perseus’ friend Dictys took the throne and, now finished with the relic, Perseus gave Medusa’s head to Athena, who wears it on her aegis whenever she goes into battle.

Perseus Confronting Phineus with the Head of Medusa by Sebastiano Ricci

Perseus Confronting Phineus with the Head of Medusa by Sebastiano Ricci. (Public Domain)

Keeping the Medusa Myth Alive

Although Medusa is commonly regarded as a monster, her head is often seen as a protective amulet that would keep evil away. In fact, the name Medusa comes from an ancient Greek verb meaning “to guard or protect.”

The image of Medusa’s head can be seen in numerous Greek and subsequent Roman artifacts such as shields, breastplates, and mosaics. One such example of a protective Medusa head pendant appeared in the form of a late 2nd to 4th century AD Roman artifact recently unearthed in the Cambridgeshire countryside . A 2,000-year-old marble head of Medusa was found not too long ago at a former Roman commercial center in Turkey as well. There are also numerous coins that bear not only the imagery of Perseus holding the head of Medusa, but also the head in its own right.

A Roman cameo of Medusa’s head from the 2nd or 3rd century. (Sailko/CC BY SA 3.0)

Today, the most well-known image of Medusa’s head belongs perhaps to the logo of the Italian fashion company, Versace. And let’s not forget that Medusa also made headline gaming news in the not so distant past as a tough boss battle for players in the newest game of the popular Assassin’s Creed franchise . These factors remind us that myths of the ancient world are still alive and with us in the modern world.

Top Image: Detail of a modern representation of Medusa. Source: Riordan Wiki

By Ḏḥwty

Updated on January 20, 2021.

References

Atsma, A. J., 2011. Medousa & Gorgones. [Online]
Available at: http://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Gorgones.html

Goldsborough, R., 2013. Deeper Meanings, Medusa. [Online]
Available at: http://rg.ancients.info/medusa/article.html

Hesiod, Theogony
[West, M. L. (trans.), 1988. Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days, Oxford: Oxford University Press.]

Ovid, Metamorphoses [Online]
[Garthm S., Dryden, J., et al (trans.), 1717. Ovid’s Metamorphoses.]
Available at: http://classics.mit.edu/Ovid/metam.html

www.ancientcoinage.org, 2015. Perseus - Medusa Coin Series. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ancientcoinage.org/perseus-and-medusa.html

 

Comments

Pete Wagner's picture

When the fair-haired aboriginals FIRST encountered the black-headed/black haired people, who originated from ancient Sumer around 10k years ago, they called them 'semites’, meaning semi-man (half-breed), spawned by Anunnaki men taking aboriginal wives (as per Genesis and Sitchin), they must have been proverbially shocked.  Prior to such an encounter, nowhere on Earth did they expect to find people that did NOT have hair like them, i.e., fine, straight and light in color.  This would explain the legend as relates.

Nobody gets paid to tell the truth.

Hi All,

I first learned about Medusa from the 1981, movie classic Clash of the Titan's I think it was the last movie too Star Lord Laurence Olivier, He was Knighted?

For the longest time I had thought that Medusa was a Myth but, since reading Enoch Not Anymore.

Speaking of Atlas I won't get too much into the background of Enoch but, I will say this due to tragic events that takes place in the sacred Text I got the name of Wicked Fallen Angel's who caused castrophic issues to nearly tear the Heaven's and Earth apart.

One of these Angel's was known as Satal, Satal is Atlas but I'm sure Satal isn't a Mountain more like He's imprisoned within an Mountain so where Near God's Country as in Divine Being mentioned in The Holy Bible.

I know everyone most likely will probably think of me as crazy. I respect that, nevertheless, I still think that Atlas is the Fallen Angel Satal.

As for Perseus an Zeus I was more aware of The Greek story about these two then 11 month's back in 2020 l, I read a locked in the Tower story from Ireland same concept but, didn't read about that glittering shower of Gold that resulted in Perseus mother being impregnated with Him.

The name was an Irish Hero and it involved some Giant that had one Eye and could obliterate anything that this Thank King? looked at.

This Irish Hero saved the day knocked the Giant in the eye forgot what weapon this Hero chose but that Eye obliterated the Palace and perhaps an Army of Giant's or this Giant's own Kingdom.

Other points about Perseus story is the different places Perseus encountered and met his future wife; Andromeda. Edith Hamilton, an Bulfinchs put the Meeting between the two Spouses in Ethiopia while other literary works puts the Perseus/Andromeda spot in Jaffa also known as Joppa in The Bible.

I'm starting to think Perseus may have had Two Wives because of the confusion when Perseus met chained up Women about to be sacrificed to some sea creature due to their mother's offending some goddess.

It's certainly plausible in the Ancient World; they tended too have more than one wife, I know present day Asia Minor keeps this practice, an a few LDS not all but a Few. I got an idea the plural marriages was still happening once I read and watched the 1993, movie Joy Luck Club.

This is all I'll say about Real Story of Medusa other than great exciting article too all about, so until next time Everyone, Goodbye!

Just admit that Medusa is a black female with a dreadlock hairdo (all before the time of the Ethiopian Rastafarians and Jamaican reggae music) A very horrible face as shown in most photos - and there is Medusa. Nothing new, nothing fantastic. Just a person of less-than-desirable facial features (like bucktoothed William Kidd, "Billy the Kidd" who shot people for making any mention of this features). Same for this person of reciprocal hatred for the beautiful human race.

I thought Medusa’s lineage came from Echidna and Typhon? not Phorcys and Ceto.  Please confirm/advise.  thank you

Small correction, the Aegis was Zeus's shield that was primarily used /borrowed by Athena (she is known in some myths to do this with the Thunderbolts as well)

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Wu

Wu Mingren (‘Dhwty’) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods.... Read More

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