The Phantom Time Thesis suggests that nearly three centuries of medieval history—from 614 to 911 AD—never actually occurred. This theory, proposed by German publisher Heribert Illig in the early 1990s, claims that this period was fabricated by Pope Sylvester II, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII to legitimize their rule by aligning it with the auspicious year 1000 AD. According to Illig, these leaders altered documents and created fictional figures like Charlemagne to support their narrative.

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Despite its controversial nature, the thesis has gained some attention, especially in recent years within English-speaking circles. However, historians have thoroughly debunked Illig's claims. The foundation of his argument rests on the discrepancy between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, yet his calculations are fundamentally flawed. He also dismisses established scientific methods like radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology, claiming they are based on incorrect chronologies. Moreover, the existence of more than 7,000 original documents from this period and archaeological evidence further discredits his theory.

The revival of the Phantom Time Thesis may be linked to the growing distrust in authority and the popularity of conspiracy theories. Yet, despite its recent resurgence, the theory remains a widely rejected and unfounded hypothesis.

Top image: Emperor Otto III as depicted in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.   Source: Public Domain

By Robbie Mitchel