One of the most iconic moments in both Christianity and Judaism involves the miraculous parting of the Red Sea, allowing Moses and the Israelites to escape Egypt 3,500 years ago. While the description of this miracle is often labeled mythological, scientists say such an event really might have happened, without the need for divine intervention. Research shows that a combination of extreme weather and the right geology could explain all the details of the biblical account, meaning that the waters might very well have parted at just the right time to make the miraculous crossing possible.
The story, famously depicted in films like The Ten Commandments and The Prince of Egypt, describes Moses raising his hand as the waters of the Red Sea divide, forming walls on either side and creating a dry pathway. Recent computer simulations indicate that a sustained wind blowing at 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) from the right direction could have pushed the water back, exposing a dry land corridor nearly three miles (five km) wide. As the wind subsided, the waters would have surged back rapidly, engulfing the Egyptian forces in a tsunami-like wave.
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"The crossing of the Red Sea is a supernatural phenomenon that incorporates a natural component – the miracle is in the timing," said Carl Drews, an oceanographer with the National Center for Atmospheric Research, in an interview with the MailOnline.
Where Did Moses Cross the Red Sea?
According to the biblical narrative, after enduring the seven plagues of Egypt, the Israelites fled into the wilderness but soon found themselves trapped between the Pharaoh’s advancing army and the Red Sea. At this point God stepped in and created a temporary land bridge, drying out the muddy sea bottom enough to make a trek across the Red Sea floor possible.
Satellite photo of the Red Sea, with Egypt on the left. (NASA/Public Domain).
The traditional belief is that this crossing took place at the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the deepest and widest parts of the Red Sea. However, this theory is questionable, as the Gulf of Aqaba spans up to 15 miles (25 km) across, with depths reaching 6,000 feet (1,850 meters), making it impractical for a mass crossing.
A more plausible location for the crossing is the Gulf of Suez, a shallower and narrower arm of the Red Sea. This body of water separates mainland Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula and has an average depth of 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 meters), with a relatively flat seabed.
Historical accounts even suggest that such a crossing was possible. In 1789, Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops crossed a section of the Gulf of Suez on horseback at low tide; they were nearly swept away when the waters returned, but they did manage to complete their journey nonetheless.
Dr. Bruce Parker, former chief scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suggested back in 2014 that Moses might have been aware of these tidal changes and used them to his advantage.
"Moses had lived in the nearby wilderness in his early years, and he knew where caravans crossed the Red Sea at low tide,” he told the Wall Street Journal. “He knew the night sky and the ancient methods of predicting the tide, based on where the moon was overhead and how full it was."
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The Egyptians, accustomed to the tideless Nile, would have been unaware of these natural rhythms, leaving them vulnerable when the receding waters suddenly surged back in.
The Answer is Blowing in the Wind
While tidal patterns provide one potential explanation, another key detail from the Bible hints at a different natural phenomenon. The biblical passage states: "The Lord caused the sea to go by a strong east wind all that night and made the sea into dry and the waters were divided."
This reference to strong winds is compelling. Just as blowing on the top of a cup of water pushes the liquid to one side, powerful winds can move large bodies of water, possibly to a significant degree.
Professor Nathan Paldor, an ocean scientist from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, suggests that a wind blowing at 40 to 45 miles per hour (65 to 70 km/h) from the northwest could have forced the waters of even a deep sea to recede, exposing a path for the Israelites to cross. His calculations indicate that such a wind, sustained for several hours, could drop sea levels by around 10 feet ( three meters), uncovering an underwater ridge for safe passage.
The Crossing of the Red Sea, from the Greek Catholic church of Saint Elijah.(Adam Ján Figeľ/Adobe Stock).
A key challenge to this wind-based theory is that the Bible specifically mentions an east wind, while the calculations suggest a northwest wind. However, linguistic analysis of the original Hebrew text reveals that the phrase "Rauch kadim" can mean either northeasterly or southeasterly winds, providing some flexibility in interpretation.
Was It the Red Sea, or the ‘Reed’ Sea?
One intriguing theory suggests that the actual crossing did not take place at the Red Sea at all, but rather at a body of water known as the Lake of Tannis, located near modern-day Lake Manzala in the Nile Delta. This theory is supported by the correct translation of the Hebrew term yam suf, traditionally rendered as "Red Sea" but more accurately translated as "Reed Sea." This name likely refers to the densely packed reeds that grow in the shallow, brackish waters of the delta.
Carl Drews' research suggests that the Lake of Tannis could have been affected by the process referenced by Professor Paldor, which is called a "wind setdown." This occurs when strong, sustained winds push water in one direction, temporarily exposing dry land. According to Mr Drews, historical records and computer modeling show that a gale blowing at 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) for eight hours could have forced water back up the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, creating a temporary land bridge three miles (five km) wide.
Drews explains that this phenomenon would match the biblical description of waters forming "as a wall" on both sides. As the wind died down, the water would have rushed back in a dramatic surge, overwhelming anyone caught in its path. His simulations suggest that the Israelites would have had a window of about four hours to complete the 1.8 to 2.5-mile (3 to 4-km) crossing from the Sethrum Peninsula in Egypt to an area known as Kedua.
While Drews acknowledges that enduring hurricane-force winds for four hours would have been an immense challenge, he maintains that it was possible with high motivation and a determined effort.
Medieval engraving of the waters of the Red Sea rushing back in to drown the Egyptians after the Israelites had crossed. (Wellcome Collection/CC BY-SA 4.0).
An Alternate Explanation?
One common hypothesis is that the waters of the Red Sea parted at just the right time thanks to the impact of a tsunami.
When an earthquake triggers a tsunami, the massive approaching wave pulls the water away from the shore, pulling the tide out much further than usual. In theory, a tsunami in the Red Sea could create a brief interlude of dryness on the path that Moses and his people followed, after which the water would have come back in to drown the Pharaoh’s troops before they could make it across.
But Carl Drews says that this explanation doesn't fit the biblical account.
“Modern reports of tsunamis indicate that the in-and-out period of the surge is less than one hour,' he noted. “This wave period would not match the narrative in Exodus 14, which indicates that Moses and the Israelites had several hours in which to complete their crossing.”
Also, a tsunami wouldn't produce a channel through the sea with water on both sides, which is what the Bible says happened.
The best explanation, according to Mr Drews, is that Moses led the Israelites across the Nile Delta on a land bridge created by gale-force winds—the arrival of which would actually have represented quite the miracle, given the dire circumstances the ancient Israelites were facing.
“According to Exodus 14, Moses received advance notice from God to stand at a certain place at a certain time, stretch out his hand, and wait for deliverance at just the right time,” Mr Drews recalled. “It is fitting and proper for a scientist to study the natural components of this narrative.”
Top image: Moses and the Children of Israel Crossing the Red Sea, c.1855, by Henri Frédéric Schopin.
Source: Public Domain.
