The story of the fabled Tower of Babel from the Book of Genesis has come to inspire artists throughout history and to symbolize the idea of human ambition. Once a real-life ziggurat at the center of the city of Babylon, this great tower was also mentioned within tablets excavated in modern-day Iraq.
The Biblical Story of the Tower of Babel
The story of the construction of a tower in Babel, which resulted in the confounding of language, has perplexed modern scholars for decades. The Book of Genesis tells of a time in which all of the world’s population migrated eastward to the plain of Shinar. Shinar, the Hebrew for “[land of the] two rivers,” is considered by most to be what the Akkadians referred to as Shumer or Sumer, known today as Mesopotamia, or modern-day Iraq.
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The Hebrew etymology is most likely referring to the rivers of the Tigris and Euphrates. In fear of being scattered across the whole face of the earth, the inhabitants of the plain decided to build a city and also a tower to reach the heavens. This city would be referred to as Babel (Akkadian: bab-ili or “gate of God”) which was also a play on the Hebrew word balal or “to confuse” (i.e. the language). According to the Old Testament, man was then punished for building this Tower of Babel through the creation of language, designed to create division amongst mankind.
The Tower of Babel by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. (Public domain)
Tower of Babel Excerpt within Genesis
The following excerpt is from the Jewish Publication Society translation of Genesis 11:
“1 And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech.
2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
3 And they said one to another: ‘Come, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly.’ And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar.
4 And they said: ‘Come, let us build us a city, and a tower, with its top in heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.’
5 And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
6 And the Lord said: ‘Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do.
7 Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.’
8 So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city.
9 Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.”
The Tower of Babel by Marten van Valckenborch the Elder. (Public domain)
Searching for the Tower of Babel: Excavating at Nineveh
While most of us are familiar with the Hebrew account of the dispersal of peoples and the introduction of new languages, archaeology has shown that the concept of a spreading of tongues is not as unique as we believe. We much divert our attention to George Smith, the very same George Smith who first translated the Epic of Gilgamesh in the 19th century, and provided the world with the earliest documented reference to the great flood.
Following his translation of Gilgamesh, Smith was sent to the site of Nineveh where he was to continue excavations in the hopes of unearthing additional inscriptions that paralleled or showed some relation to the Old Testament. Archaeology at the time was a new science, founded on validating the writings of the Bible.
George Smith was an English Assyriologist who excavated at Nineveh and found tablets with stories which may have inspired the Biblical account of the Tower of Babel. (Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin / CC BY-SA 4.0)
Discovery of Ancient Stories Which Inspired the Biblical Tower of Babel
Smith was fortunate, in that the excavation did yield additional tablets, from the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, and upon further research he did actually discover a story likely to have inspired the Biblical account of the Tower of Babel. Catalogued and hidden in the inventory vaults of the British Museum, the fragmentary piece of text reads as follows:
“[…] them? The father […]
Of him, his heart was evil,
[…] against the father of all the gods was wicked,
[…] of him, his heart was evil,
[…] Babylon brought to subjection,
[small] and great he confounded their speech.
[…] Babylon brought to subjection,
[small] and great he confounded their speech.
Their strong place (tower) all the day they founded;
to their strong place in the night
entirely he made an end.In his anger also word thus he poured out:
[to] scatter abroad he set his face
he gave this? command, their counsel was confused
[…] the course he broke
[…] fixed the sanctuary”
Library of Ashurbanipal on display at the British Museum in London (Gary Todd / CC0)
George Smith provided a commentary to his translation briefly summarizing what the inscription meant to him, along with highlighting key words that emphasize the type of construction that took place.
“…we have the anger of the gods at the sin of the world, the place mentioned being Babylon. The building or work is called tazimat or tazimtu, a word meaning strong, and there is a curious relation, lines 9 to 11, that what they built in the day the god destroyed in the night.”
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Key parallels are seen between the Biblical and Assyrian accounts, that is, that they both speak of mankind unified by a single language and building a tower, thus angering the gods, which resulted in the confusion of the language. The Assyrian account of the Tower of Babel, much like the other tablets found in the same collection, were most likely copies of older tablets. What inspired the Assyrian Babel and what was the original message conveyed? Much like its Hebrew counterpart, these questions continue to elude us.
Top image: The Tower of Babel. Source: Александр Михальчук / CC BY-SA 4.0
References
Davidson, B. 2004. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon. 11th ed. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers.
Koutoupis, P. 2008. Biblical Origins: An Adopted Legacy. College Station: Virtualbookworm.
No name. 2003. JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society
Smith, G. 2005. The Chaldean Account of Genesis. London: Elibron Classics.
Satan,and his demons;knowing
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Satan,and his demons;knowing what would happen, influenced many cultures throughout the ages and gave them stories to hand down. he did all of this in order to make unbelievers deny the true Word of God.
He made sure that many similar events were recorded into ancient human history. It's as simple as that.
Gate of Heavens
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Interesting. Will it be a reason for the unrest in the middle east, in particular Iraq? Searching for 'heavens'?
Babel
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Regardless of the opinions of any religionists here, the fact of te matter remains that civilization absolutely did NOT begin in Sumer. Civilizations of the conservative age of 7500 years old have been found in India,namely Krishna's city, the original Dwarka, now under the ocean. Articles have been found there and dated, as I said, at least 2000 years older than anything in Sumer, not to mention Gobekli Tepe which dates to around 12,000 B.C.. The entire Sumerian, Jewish, or Christian viewpoints are inaccurate at best. Some also draw conclusions about Abraham as having originally been a story about the one Hindu God, Brahma. Any will have whatever opinions on any of that that they find most comfortable to hold, and that is fine, but what this shows ver clearly is that ALL religious teachings have a far older history on earth than any of their own histories illustrate.
On the part of the Babel story having to do with the world's at one time having spoken only one language, and by whatever means arriving at having many different ones, actually looks as if that might actually have been the case. There was a BBC documentary on the subject that used to be available on youtube called "Before Babel” that showed that certain linguists (who are still a mere minority, which may or may not necessarilymake any difference about the truth of their theories) began by determining that in the Americas,the native languages from the souther tip of South America, all the way north to roughly the southern two-thirds of the United States, all originated from and were related to, a single language.
Then this group of linguists went on to look at every region and language around the globe, and found that much the same thing was true, that all of the languages had a great deal in common with each other, one of the most surprising commonalities being found between Hindustani and English. The point of this seriously suggests that at one point early in humanity's history, all humans might have literally spoken a single language, having nothing to do with any God or any tower of Babel. I just checked and that video is no longer available on youtube, however, I did copy and save it and can produce it for any interested in seeing more about this.
congrats
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In reply to Babel by Shabda
on being open to the truth that civilization started before Sumer. Only Western Civ began in Sumer.
Western Civ
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In reply to congrats by phillias phog (not verified)
Did not even remotely begin in Sumer. They were latecomers. Jericho was constantly inhabited for over 10,000 years.