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A sophisticated simulation has traced the fateful collision of two human species across ancient Iberia, showing that Neanderthals were already in decline when modern humans arrived, and their chances of interbreeding were remarkably slim. Researchers at the University of Cologne have developed a sophisticated dynamic model that reconstructs the population movements, settlement patterns, and potential interactions between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans during a pivotal period between 50,000 and 38,000 years ago. The study challenges long-held assumptions about how these two groups coexisted and whether significant mixing occurred on the Iberian Peninsula. Modern Humans and Neanderthals Lived Together in Europe for Over 2,000 Years Why Did Modern Humans Replace the Neanderthals? Neanderthals Confined to Coastal Refuges The research team, led