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View over Swaziland from the mouth of Border Cave. (Public Domain)

Ancient Mining In South Africa: Specularite Of Enoch’s Shining Gods

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Bronze was a prized metal in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It is an alloy of copper and tin and its production requires smelters at temperatures above 1 500 degrees Celsius.  It is unlikely to have been produced accidentally by mixing copper and tin rock around campfires. Although it was plentiful in use, appearing inside burial chambers, as art and household items, no smelter remains have been found in Egypt. Bronze must be distinguished from brass. Brass is composed of copper and zinc, whereas bronze is formed from copper and tin. Copper is a relatively soft metal, but the addition of tin and zinc makes it more robust. Egyptian bronze presents an enigma. There are no tin mines in Egypt and Egyptian bronze contains traces of arsenic and nickel-iron. This contamination is unique to Egyptian bronze. It is also unique to ancient bronze smelters in the Blaauwbank district of South Africa. Ancient mining in South Africa indicates the existence of an ancient advanced civilization thousands of years before it emerged in the Levant.

Ancient Egyptian statuette of a Kushite pharaoh; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; Metropolitan Museum of Art (CC0)

Ancient Egyptian statuette of a Kushite pharaoh; 713–664 BC; bronze, precious-metal leaf; Metropolitan Museum of Art (CC0)

Ancient Iron Mines in South Africa

South Africa is known as the world’s richest resource of precious and industrial minerals.  It is conceivable that ancient civilizations were aware of this and that they had left evidence of their presence and use of these metals in southern Africa. Present consensus in SA is that the discovery of most metals is dated from the middle 1800s, but evidence abounds of deep mining operations thousands of years before then. The archaeologist Percy Wagner distinguishes between two periods of mining operations of archaeological significance: Prehistoric mining, which he calls ‘ancient mining’, and modern-day mining by indigenous races in Southern Africa. Ancient mining is of two types:  Surface mining, where minerals used for utensils and cosmetic or ritual purposes were scratched with stone tools from shallow deposits, this includes chalk (kaolin) for clay pots; and deep mining which penetrates down to about three and a half meters (11 to 12 feet).

Sites of interest: Location of Blaauwbank in Limpopo province South Africa (Image: Author provided)

Sites of interest: Location of Blaauwbank in Limpopo province South Africa (Image: Author provided)

Present academic and popular writings are silent about ancient mining, but writings of the middle 1900s give authoritative evidence about such mining. The historian Gustav Preller gives a glimpse about this in his book, Daglemier in Suid-Afrika. The oldest mining operations in the world, more than 40,000 years ago, occurred in Southern Africa.

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Pieter Wagener is a professor of applied mathematics and is highly and widely qualified in the arts, science and law. He has doctorates in mathematics and law. He is the author of In Search of Gods and Angels, soon to be released by The Patrick Foundation, Golden Age Project.

Top Image: View over Swaziland from the mouth of Border Cave. (Public Domain)

By Pieter Wagener

 

Professor Pieter

Pieter Wagener is a retired South African professor of applied mathematics at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa. He studied and lectured in physics at Queens College, City University of New York in 1970–1972. He has Masters’ degrees in... Read More

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