Mithridates VI of Pontus: The Poison King of Pontus and Aggravation to Rome
Mithridates (spelled also as Mithradates) VI, whose full name is Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysius, was a famous king of Pontus, a Hellenistic kingdom in Asia Minor of Persian origin. Mithridates lived between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. He is best known for his conflict with the Roman Republic in the three Mithridatic Wars, in which the Pontic king fought against three prominent Roman generals – Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, and Gnaeus Pompey Magnus.
Early Life
Mithridates is believed to have been born sometime around 130 BC, and was about 13 years old when his father, Mithridates V Euergetes was assassinated. Although Mithridates inherited his father’s throne, he was still a minor at the time, and the kingdom was ruled by a regent, Laodice VI, a Seleucid princess who was the mother of the boy king. Laodicea is said to have been a suspect in her husband’s murder, and, fearing for his own life, her son went into hiding himself.
During this time, Mithridates apparently consumed various types of poison in small doses in order to develop immunity against them, should an assassin attempt to kill him by this means. In addition, the Pontic king is reputed to have experimented on, and concocted one of the best known antidotes in antiquity. This antidote, known in English as Mithridate, is believed to have been a ‘universal antidote’ that could counter any type of poison.
An elaborate drug Jar for Mithridate. (J. Paul Getty Museum)
Taking Over the Kingdom
Around 116 BC, Mithridates came out of hiding, and confronted his mother. The young king successfully removed his mother from her throne, and had her thrown into prison, where she eventually died. During her regency, Laodicea had favored Mithridates’ younger brother, Mithridates Chrestus, perhaps as he was more malleable to her will than his older brother. He too disappeared from the scene, possibly shortly after his mother’s imprisonment. One suggestion is that Mithridates had both his mother and brother murdered.
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With these rivals out of the way, Mithridates became the sole ruler of the Pontic Kingdom.
Mithridates then began to enlarge his kingdom, as a continuation of his late father’s expansionist policy. In 115 / 114 BC, the young king crossed the Black Sea so as to intervene in a conflict that was going on between the Hellenistic settlements on the Crimea and their Scythian neighbors.
A bust of the king of Pontus Mithridates VI as Heracles. Marble, Roman imperial period (1st century). (CC BY 3.0)
As a result of this, the Hellenistic settlements surrendered their independence to Mithridates in return for his protection. Mithridates’ next target was Pontus’ eastern neighbor, Paphlagonia, which he occupied in 108 / 107 BC with the help of Nicomedes III Euergetes, the King of Bithynia.
Although a Roman emissary attempted to have the Paphlagonian king, Astreodon, restored to his throne, his efforts were in vain. Instead, Nicomedes’ son was placed on the Paphlagonian throne as a puppet king.
In 104 / 103 BC, Colchis (present day western Georgia) was added to Mithridates’ domains, and Mithridates continued to expand his kingdom. The seizure of Paphlagonia by Mithridates and Nicomedes, and the former’s conquests were almost certainly not viewed with favor by the Roman Senate.
Map of the Kingdom of Pontus, before the reign of Mithridates VI (dark purple), after his conquests (purple), his conquests in the first Mithridatic wars (pink) and Pontus' ally the Kingdom of Armenia (green). (Public Domain)
Nevertheless, the Romans had, up till that point of time, not really been interested in these developments. This was due to certain factors, including the wars that Rome was already engaged in, and the distance that separated Rome and Anatolia.
The Mithridatic Wars
Mithridates came into direct conflict with Rome in 89 BC, which marked the beginning of the First Mithridatic War. One of the issues that caused this conflict was Mithridates’ interference in Bithynia. In 94 BC, Nicomedes III had died, and was succeeded by his son, Nicomedes IV Philopator. The new king is said to have been a puppet of Rome, and Mithridates intended to replace him with a puppet of his own, Nicomedes IV’s brother, Socrates Chrestus.
A coin depicting Mithridates VI. (Public Domain)
Although this arrangement posed a threat to Rome, the immediate cause of the war is said to have been Mithridates’ attempt to replace Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios (who was appointed by the Romans) with his son Ariarathes Eusebes.
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Mithridatic Wars 87-86 BC. (Public Domain)
The First Mithridatic War lasted until 84 BC, and ended with the Romans emerging victorious, despite the successes that Mithridates had obtained during the early part of the war. However, the end of this war did not mean that peace had arrived in the region, as the Second Mithridatic War broke out in 83 BC. The war lasted until 81 BC, and ended inconclusively when the Romans withdrew after suffering a defeat.
The Third Mithridatic War began in 75 BC, and ended with Mithridates’ final defeat and death in 63 BC. Following Mithridates’ defeat, he fled to his territories to the north of the Black Sea, where he faced a rebellion by his son. Cornered, Mithridates decided to take his own life. The following account is taken from Cassius Dio,
“Mithridates had tried to make away with himself, and after first removing his wives and remaining children by poison, he had swallowed all that was left; yet neither by that means nor by the sword he was able to perish by his own hands. For the poison, although deadly, did not prevail over him, since he had inured his constitution to it, taking precautionary antidotes in large doses every day; and the force of the sword blow was lessened on account of the weakness of his hand, caused by his age and present misfortunes, and as a result of taking the poison, whatever it was. When, therefore, he failed to take his life through his own efforts and seemed to linger beyond the proper time, those whom he had sent against his son fell upon him and hastened his end with their swords and spears.”
“Mithridates, his rash act.” Image by John Leech, from: The Comic History of Rome by Gilbert Abbott A Beckett. (Public Domain)
Featured image: An image depicting Mithridates VI giving poison to a prisoner. Source: CC BY NC ND 3.0
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References
Cassius Dio, Roman History [Online]
[Cary, E. (trans.), 1914-27. Cassius Dio’s Roman History.]
Available at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html
Gill, N. S., 2016. King Mithridates of Pontus - Friend and Enemy of the Romans. [Online]
Available at: http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/mithridates/a/aa053000a.htm
Heather, P., 2011. Rome's Greatest Enemies Gallery: Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontos. [Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/enemiesrome_gallery_05.shtml
Lendering, J., 2015. Mithridates. [Online]
Available at: http://www.livius.org/articles/person/mithridates/
McGing, B., 2009. Mithradates VI. [Online]
Available at: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithradates-vi-eupator-dionysos
penelope.uchicago.edu, 2016. Mithridatum. [Online]
Available at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/mithridatum.html
Wiener, J., 2013. The Enigmatic Poison King: Mithradates VI of Pontus (120-63 BCE). [Online]
Available at: http://etc.ancient.eu/2013/05/28/the-enigmatic-poison-king-mithradates-vi-of-pontus-120-63-bce/