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Roman concrete was used to construct the magnificent pantheon, which has endured for two millennia.

Researchers discover secret recipe of Roman concrete that allowed it to endure for over 2,000 years

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Ancient Rome’s concrete recipe is an impressive feat in architectural history. Some Roman buildings are so spectacular in their construction and beauty that modern builders would never attempt something similar, even with today’s technology. Now engineers are beginning to understand why ancient Roman concrete was so revolutionary.

Rome built many of its buildings and monuments with concrete made of lime, volcanic sand, and volcanic rock. The ancient Romans’ buildings and structures, some of the most spectacular in the world, have withstood chemical and physical onslaught for 2,000 years and are still standing.

An advanced concrete recipe allowed the Romans to constructed magnificent structures that no builder would dare to attempt today

An advanced concrete recipe allowed the Romans to constructed magnificent structures that no builder would dare to attempt today. Source: BigStockPhoto

Previous research has already found that Roman concrete was far superior to our own modern concrete, which is made to endure about 120 years.

It’s been known for a while that the volcanic sand used in Roman concrete and mortar made their buildings last for so long.  Now a new study by a group of engineers and engineering researchers has discovered the precise recipe that made the Roman concrete endure much longer than concrete used today.

The researchers used an ancient recipe written down by Roman architect Vitruvius to mix a batch of mortar. The engineers let it harden for six months and looked at it with microscopes. They found that clusters of a dense mineral form through the Roman process. These strätlingite crystals, formed by the volcanic sand as it binds with limestone, prevented the spread of cracks by reinforcing interfacial zones. Interfacial zones are weak links inside the concrete.

A magnified piece of Roman concrete consisting of lime, volcanic sand, and rock

A magnified piece of Roman concrete consisting of lime, volcanic sand, and rock (Wikimedia Commons)

It isn’t just that Roman concrete is more lasting. It is also not as bad for the environment in the manufacturing of it because the mix only needed to be heated to 900 Celsius as opposed to the 1,450 of modern concrete.

“Stronger, longer-lasting modern concrete, made with less fuel and less release of carbon into the atmosphere, may be the legacy of a deeper understanding of how the Romans made their incomparable concrete,” Ancient-Origins.net wrote in 2013. Heating the limestone in 19 billion tons of Portland cement made annually accounts for 7 percent of human-released carbon into the atmosphere, according to the new study.

Ceiling in the Pantheon, made entirely from Roman concrete

Ceiling in the Pantheon, made entirely from Roman concrete. Credit: Giulio Menna / flickr

Rome is situated between two volcanic regions, Monti Sabatini to the north and the Alban Hills to the south. When Augustus became the first emperor of Rome in 27 AD, he initiated a building campaign. After builders settled on using Pozzolonic ash from the Alban Hills’ Pozzolane Rosse ash flow, Augustus decreed that Pozzolonic  mortar be the standard in Roman buildings. That decision cemented Rome’s enduring architectural legacy. Roman architects found that this mortar substantially improved the margin of safety in buildings, which were becoming more daring in their design.

The prototypical example of this may be the awe-inspiring Roman Pantheon, a huge concrete building capped by 142-foot dome. It was built in the second century AD.

The Roman Panethon, a huge concrete building that has endured for nearly 2,000 years

The Roman Panethon, a huge concrete building that has endured for nearly 2,000 years. Source: BigStockPhoto

“Made entirely out of concrete, without the reinforcing support of structural steel, no modern engineer would dare attempt such a feat, says David Moore, author of The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete. ‘Modern codes of engineering practice would not permit such mischief,’” Smithsonian.com says.

Featured image: Roman concrete was used to construct the magnificent pantheon, which has endured for two millennia. Source: BigStockPhoto.

By Mark Miller

 

Comments

So you are Rome, and want to build a Pantheon no one can copy. You mix concrete with pozzolan, aka basalt ash and pour building parts. And write THIS part down in detail.

Now... what would prevent people from copying this technique ever after? Nothing. Unless you conveniently "forgot" to mention a second part that's also needed for this recipe to work. Such as, having free army labor to chisel basalt girders that go into this basalt concrete for reinforcement. Scientist in 2000 whips out instrument, looks at the finished Pantheon wall, says "Wow, there's nothing but basalt in this, no steel at all. A monolithic pour with no reinforcement!" While in fact quite likely it's chiseled basalt girders in the wall that are doing the heavy lifting. It's just being discovered that basalt reinforcement has 2x the strength of steel at 20% of steel's weight. Obviously, the Ancient Romans didn't have 2000 degree kilns to manufacture basalt rebar as we do today to reinforce concrete. My hunch is, the Romans just took a big honking basalt boulder and had the free labor (aka Army soldiers) chisel the reinforcement girder shapes out of it. And THIS is why no one continued the recipe after the demise of the Roman Empire. Not because all the masons came down with an unexplainable case of collective amnesia how to mix Roman concrete. But because this recipe also required the free rock chiseling labor of an entire Roman Army detachment.

please look into the works of Hannibal Pianta, he attended the Milan Institute of technology in 1888 and conducted work in concrete from 1902(chicago) till his death in 1937(san antoonio). His works are still standing without much restoration work, to include Nel-stone blocks exposed to the elements.

cool

Only the ash was "pre-cooked". It's the limestone that needs to be cooked to make it work. In their cement and in modern cement.

This resolution may be that the 'cement' they used in the concrete is material that has already been subjected to great heat and is actually pre-cooked. Hence the strength.

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Mark

Mark Miller has a Bachelor of Arts in journalism and is a former newspaper and magazine writer and copy editor who's long been interested in anthropology, mythology and ancient history. His hobbies are writing and drawing.

 
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