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A Chinese New Year banner, incorporating Tiger imagery for 2022.	 Source: Kororo / Adobe Stock

Chinese New Year 2022 and the Legend of Nian

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Millions of people across China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan and other countries around the world are today celebrating the Lunar New Year and welcoming in the Year of the Tiger as part of an ancient custom that dates back at least 3,400 years.

The date of Chinese New Year, which is also called Spring Festival, changes every year as it is based on the lunar calendar. While the western Gregorian calendar is based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, China and most Asian countries use the lunar calendar that is based on the Moon’s orbit around the Earth. Chinese New Year always falls on the second new moon after the Winter Solstice.

While both Buddhism and Daoism have unique customs during the New Year, Chinese New Year is far older than both religions. Like many agrarian societies, Chinese New Year is rooted in the celebration of Spring. The New Year was likely the start of preparations for a new growing season. The whole purpose, in history, of creating a calendar or keeping track of time was to facilitate agriculture. It was important to know when to till the soil and sow the seeds.

However, the ancient Chinese calendar, on which the Chinese New Year is based, also functioned as a religious, dynastic and social guide. Oracle bones inscribed with astronomical records indicate that the celebrations existed at least as early as 14th century BC, when the Shang Dynasty was in power, although some believe it started from as early as Emperor Yao and Shun (2,300 BC).

The legendary Nian (Author supplied)

The legendary Nian (Author supplied)

The Legendary Nian

According to tales and legends, the beginning of Chinese New Year started with the fight against a mythical beast called Nian, who had the body of a bull and the head of a lion. It was said to be a ferocious animal that lived in the mountains and hunted for a living. Towards the end of winter when there was nothing to eat, Nian would come on the first day of New Year to the villages to eat livestock, crops, and even villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year. It was believed that after the Nian ate the food they prepared, it wouldn’t attack any more people.

The villagers would live in terror over the winter, but over time they learned that the ferocious Nian was afraid of three things: the color red, fire, and noise. So when the New Year was about to come, the villagers would hang red lanterns and red spring scrolls on windows and doors. They also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian. From then on, Nian never came to the village again.  According to legend, the Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu, an ancient Taoist monk, and Nian became Hongjun Laozu's mount.

After Nian was captured, everyone had a big celebration and the ritual involved in banishing him was repeated the following year, and so the ritual was passed down from generation to generation and the custom of celebrating New Year with firecrackers, noise, and the color red has persisted to this day.

Nian has the body of a bull and head of a lion (Source: Hayloskien / Adobe Stock)

Nian has the body of a bull and head of a lion (Source: Hayloskien / Adobe Stock)

Customs of the Chinese New Year

Many modern-day celebrations trace back to the legendary story of Nian. Windows and doors are decorated with red color papercuts with popular themes of "good fortune" or "happiness", "wealth", and "longevity." Red is the predominant color used in the New Year celebrations. It is the emblem of joy, and also symbolizes virtue, truth and sincerity. On the Chinese opera stage, a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor. On New Year’s Day people give gifts of money to friends, family, and colleagues in red paper envelopes.

It is a traditional practice to light fireworks, burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much noise as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by Nian.

A dancing lion together with the sparkling firecrackers as a symbol of bringing good fortune and chase away evil spirits. Here it was performed at Binondo, Manila Philippines during Chinese New Year 2020 celebration. (CC BY-SA 4.0)

A dancing lion together with the sparkling firecrackers as a symbol of bringing good fortune and chase away evil spirits. Here it was performed at Binondo, Manila Philippines during Chinese New Year 2020 celebration. (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Other customs and traditions include honoring one’s elders, which involves visiting the oldest and most senior members of the extended families. Often, the evening preceding Chinese New Year's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly cleanse the house, in order to sweep away any ill-fortune and to make way for good incoming luck. Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises.  In many cities, there are performances and dances which have been in existence for thousands of years, such as the royal heaven worshipping ceremony which was performed by emperors throughout history in Beijing to pray for the peace and prosperity of the nation.

Year of the Tiger

The tiger is the king of the beasts in China and the Year of the Tiger is thought to be one of new beginnings. 2022 is the year of the Water Tiger, a feature which comes around every 60 years and indicates a year of prosperity. The tiger comes third on the Chinese animal zodiac, the order of which, according to legend, was determined by the Jade Emperor following the order in which the animals had arrived at his party.

People born in the Year of the Tiger should be courageous, energetic and love a challenge, with a propensity for taking risks. They can also be somewhat short-tempered, and, just like a tiger can appear calm but hold a hidden aggressiveness.

According to China Highlights, some of the lucky things for those born in the Year of the Tiger are: numbers 1,3 and 4; colors blue, grey and orange; and flowers yellow lily and cineraria.

Remember, it is important to start the year right with good thoughts and deeds as this will affect your luck for the rest of the year.

Top image: A Chinese New Year banner, incorporating Tiger imagery for 2022. Source: Kororo / Adobe Stock

Article updated 1 February, 2022

By Joanna Gillan

 

Comments

Same prehistoric traditions, same spirituality and beliefs all around the world, preserved till nowadays from the first human civilization The Stone Civilization of Ancient Bulgarians, people of Sun God Bal. In my country as well in the end of winter people use to decorate themselves with red woolen laces for keeping good health and vitality. They add to them as well the white colour laces for purity and innocence and call those laces martenichki. In the end of winter Bulgarians also use to decorate their domestic animals with those martenichki and food and flowers for keeping them alive and healthy during the year. The prototype of the Chinese lunar calendar is the Ancient Bulgarian calendar first human calendar, datedback to 5504 BC and officially recognised by UNESCO as th oldest calendar. This calendar is consisted of different animals for every month, hour and year. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=730826050370354&set=a.313566...

The impact of seasonal changes is demonstrated in the expressions of more or less every culture on the planet...informative article

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Joanna

Joanna Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins. 

Joanna completed a Bachelor of Science (Psychology) degree in Australia and published research in the field of Educational Psychology. She has a rich and varied career, ranging from teaching... Read More

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